Impact of Culture on Entrepreneurship

Data Management and Business Review Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 30-34, Jan 2012 (ISSN 2220-3796) Impact of Culture on Entrepreneur Intention Syed Imran Sajjad1, *Haroon Shafi1, Aasim Munir Dad2 1Iqra college Islamabad grounds 2University of Science and Technology (MUST) Mirpur Azad Kashmir, Pakistan *[emailâ protected] com Abstract: The principle motivation behind this examination is to distinguish the job of business enterprise in Pakistan. In the wake of exploring the writing, scientists distinguish those indicators who impact the entrepreneur’s aim with the assistance of socio subjective model.National culture of a nation impacts the entrepreneur’s goal to begin new business. Seen attainability, saw attractive quality and business visionaries experience directly affects entrepreneur’s expectation. The examination discovers the effect of culture on business visionary aim, various societies have various approaches to impact the business person expectation and various ap proaches to affect on goals towards saw plausibility and saw attractive quality .The investigation helps entrepreneur’s dynamic procedure and furthermore assists the advancement of further new business in Pakistan, inspires understudies to become business people and breaks down their possibility and allure. Culture fluctuates from nation to nation, inside nation various areas, how various societies, various customs, standards and qualities. So in future, it assists with examining entrepreneur’s goal in various cultures.Key words: Pakistan’s society, Entrepreneurship, entrepreneur’s experience, culture 1. Presentation Entrepreneur is a person who maintains a business with new thought or including an incentive in existing thought business visionary is a maker, daring individual who acquires change condition, with the assistance of innovation, successful association prepared representatives, and gets most extreme advantage. A decent pioneer is that, who deal with every one of these exercises on ceaseless bases.This is the investigation of a person who begins new business. In this paper scientists break down the pioneering expectation how business visionary is being persuade to begins new business, the connection between business person goal with their accomplished and connection between attractive quality that impacts the business visionary aim, concentrate likewise dissect the effect of national culture on business person goal just as innovative movement for advancement nd underdevelopment nations. Various parts of human conduct however the one indicator expectation assumes a significant job (Ajzen, 1991) when individual beginnings new business than a financial movement begins than course of cash begins at last development of nation begins as per Romer(1994) because of business person interest in new pursuit long haul development of nation starts.According to Mitchell et al (2002) for beginning another business numerous variables impa ct business person goal like allure, plausibility, and pioneering experience, yet it fluctuates culture to culture and country to country, inside nation culture shifts, specialists are as yet indistinct, the over all effects of culture in business person aim, Every nation has its own way of life, its qualities, standards and convictions that influences the enterprising aim, at certain stages the way of life assumes a significant job in choice making.Now a day’s private area assumes an indispensable job in monetary turn of events, in private division entrepreneurs have different chances to begin new pursuit. The strategies of government are significant for business people, however just improvement of approaches isn't adequate, their execution is additionally compulsory to draw in speculator to put resources into business, little and medium endeavors some time not working out in a good way because of absence of information and infrastructure.This paper is calculated in nature a nd centers that how business people spur to begin another endeavor particularly with regards to culture. 2. Writing Review 30 Entrepreneurial aim: Entrepreneurial plan to start an imaginative endeavor, in writing various analysts proposed the significance of business visionary purpose, for example, (Shapero and Sokol, 1982; Shapero, 1975; Krueger, 1993; Bird, 1988; Krueger et al. , 2000). A few specialists including (Bird, 1988) recognized business visionary individual nature, expertise, experience equivalent to social attractive quality and individual feasibility.Different Researchers suggested including (Shane, 2003), that: the presence of an innovative chance; its ID by the business visionary; and the cognizant choice of the business person to know about that opportunity, are between the obligatory advances required in the pioneering procedure. Cristina and Dwayne (2009) saw the impact of business person aim in Caribbean and the discovered the connection among business person exp ectation, allure, and achievability and proposed that culture went about as arbitrator to impact the entrepreneur’s intention.After auditing writing it has been seen that there is connected between attractive quality recognition and business person aim to start another endeavor, Krueger (1993) rehearsed Shapiro’s hypothetical model and recommended that there is a constructive effect of apparent attractive quality on business person goal (Krueger et al. , 2000). For better comprehension of various markers and the effect of these pointers on business person (Krueger et al. 2000) proposed that disposition of business visionary fluctuates for each exogenous aspect that influences business person aim to become business visionary. P1. Seen allure will straightforwardly impact pioneering goals. The examination investigated that apparent possibility and saw allure are chosen by exogenous aspect for instance individual and restrictive features revelation to business visionary e ncounters that concentrated as exogenous aspects, all these perception control business visionary intentions.According to (Bandura, 1994) self-viability is an enthusiastic and thinking process. In this, model the two indicator saw possibility and attractive quality go about as go betweens the two indicators impact business person experience. This paper is expansions of social subjective procedure model that examined to distinguish, spare, and recoup the data eventually make reasonable move (Frese and Zapf, 1994). For business person data any asset is significant, to distinguish that data and take appropriate action.Cristina and Dwayne (2009) contended that apparent possibility and attractive quality has direct effect on business visionary expectation and furthermore there is an immediate connection between business person experience and aim, business person, experience assumes a significant job, experience impacts the aim, because of experience their exhibition increment, experience persuaded towards chance taking for new pursuit . Because of business visionary aptitude that is picked up from past experience makes techniques increasingly compelling (Zhao et al. 2005). It has been contended that plausibility observations in regards to enterprise are affected by earlier introduction to pioneering encounters. For instance, (Shapero and Sokol, 1982) fought that earlier introduction to pioneering action would positively affect impression of possibility (and saw attractive quality). Krueger (1993) showed in his examination that expansiveness of enterprising xperiences essentially and legitimately affected apparent practicality, In writing it is painstakingly explored that entrepreneur’s aims uncover a not many piratical help, for example, (Krueger and Dickson, 1994), dissected that in hazardous circumstance self viability of those business people are high impact elevated level of discernment, on the off chance that achievability is high, at that point busines s visionaries expectation is more to begin another business and want to put increasingly more in business.A strong culture additionally impacts the entrepreneur’s goal, with his social and virtues and conviction. P2. Seen Feasibility will straightforwardly Impact on enterprising aims P3. Business person experience directly affects innovative expectations 31 Figure 1: Model Culture Perceived Feasibility Entrepreneurial Experience Entrepreneurial Intentions Perceived Desirability Culture: It suggests that the way of life is best steady for business visionary. Great social qualities likewise impact the business person intention.The propriety, consistency, adequacy, (ACE) model of influence (Reardon et al. , 1989) three fundamental idea of culture Importance, steadiness, effectiveness. Culture incorporates some social, moral qualities standards and convictions that must be socially satisfactory (Hofstede, 1980). This broadens society consider those qualities standards and convict ions. Regularly, analysts broke down that culture encouraged the enterprise in view of high uniqueness, low uncertainty, and low in power remoteness, and high aim for initiation of new business. Hayton et al. , 2002, p. 34). National culture moderatingly affects business person aim (Fernandez et al. , 1997), George and Prabhu, 2000) P4. culture of a nation significantly affects business visionary goal. 3. Conversation The current investigation looks at the job of pioneering goal in Pakistan and how culture influences the enterprising expectation. This model depends on Shapero and Sokol (1982) and tried by Krueger (1993). Later on Dwayne Devonish, et. l (2009) examines the impact of business person goal in Caribbean; In Caribbean Governments know about the need to grow the structure and change the component in regions and energize the enterprise. This current examination sees the impact of culture in enterprising aim in Pakistani society. Presently †a †day’s unsteadi ness of government isn't useful for business person to contribute. Government strategies are likewise fundamentally influencing the business person intention.This model demonstrates that enterprising experience has an immediate and constructive relationship with perceiv

Error logging sentence corrections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mistake logging sentence rectifications - Essay Example Lady safeguards the result of her delicacy and commitment for her youngsters and others, and the penances of ladies in life’s occasions, in which we as a whole take part. The cooperation of ladies in playing out their job as moms in the public arena consistently shows up transcendently as identified with their youngsters. Working energetically for them to have the best and she is constantly worried about what befalls them. The essential factor in making a family bond is the mother, since she adds to the arrangement of her child’s passionate and social turn of events. Her kids are increasing the greater part of the standards of conduct from their mom. My days pass by more rapidly with the assistance of my family and with my job of being a pen at-home mother. These obligations are things that I love, yet additionally a requesting work. As a mother, I should give care to my kids, assume liability for my family and love them all simultaneously. I set up my family through fr iendship, love persistence, delicate tuning in, comforting and consolation. I likewise need to attempt to smother relational clashes in the family by looking out for every part with genuine delicacy. The home ought to be all around thought about and the instruction of kids is fundamental for the best possible working of the family and society. This is each of the a piece of a mother‘s commitment to her kids.

The Childrens Depression Inventory (CDI)

The Childrens Depression Inventory (CDI) Depression Childhood Depression Print The Childrens Depression Inventory (CDI) Benefits and Limitations of the CDI By Lauren DiMaria linkedin Lauren DiMaria is a member of the Society of Clinical Research Associates and childhood psychology expert. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren DiMaria Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 Morsa Images / DigitalVision / Getty Images More in Depression Childhood Depression Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Types Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Administration Reliability Interpretation   Limitations What Happens Next? View All Back To Top If your child has been diagnosed with depression or will be evaluated for depression, you may have heard of the Childrens Depression Inventory (CDI). The CDI is a tool that mental health professionals use to measure the cognitive, affective, and behavioral signs of depression in children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 17.   The CDI is used to scale the  severity of depressive symptoms in children. It also discriminates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in children and helps practitioners distinguish between these disorders and other psychiatric conditions.   Overview The CDI was developed by Maria Kovacs in order to more easily diagnose depression in children. While depression is often thought of as an adult disorder, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that 4.9% of children between the ages of 6 and 17 have been diagnosed with depression.?? The CDI is a self-report assessment written at a first-grade reading level, which means that your child will be given the paper and pencil assessment to complete by themselves. Other self-report assessments for identifying depression in children include the  Beck Depression Inventory  (BDI) and the Weinberg Screening Affective Scale (WSAS).   The CDI has two forms: The original 27-item version, and the 10-item short-form version, which takes between 5 and 15 minutes for the child to complete. The CDI is designed to detect symptoms of depression and to distinguish between depression and other psychiatric disorders. It can also be used as an instrument to monitor changes in depression symptoms over time. The short form of the test is generally used as a screening tool, while the long-form is used more often in the diagnosis of depression in children. What You Should Know About Childhood Depression Administration Each item in the CDI has three statements, and the child is asked to select the one answer that best describes their feelings over the past two weeks. There are five subscales within the assessment that measure different components of depression: Anhedonia (inability or decreased ability to experience joy)Negative self-esteem (the belief that you are not good at anything)Ineffectiveness (lack of motivation or inability to complete tasks)Interpersonal problems (difficulty making and keeping close relationships)Negative mood (irritability or anger) The CDI is popular in part because it is easy to administer and score. A child with age-appropriate reading abilities can complete the scale relatively quickly. Reliability The CDI has excellent psychometric properties, which means that it measures depression in children accurately and reliably when used properly. Some research indicates, however, that the test is not appropriate for children who have reading difficulties.  The CDI was tested on a large group that represents the population of children in the United States. Research has also shown that the CDI (both the full version and short version) is a valid instrument when used for screening for depression in pediatric settings.?? However, doctors working in pediatric care are advised to follow up with diagnostic assessments to rule out potential false positives.   Interpretation   Only a professional trained on the properties of the CDI can accurately interpret the results. A raw score on the test is essentially meaningless without a professionals interpretation, so parents should always discuss the meaning of the results with the professional who evaluated the child. While the CDI is good at detecting the presence of depressive symptoms, it is not the best at determining their severity. You should discuss follow-up assessments with your childs doctor to determine the best course of treatment for your child. Milder symptoms may respond well to support and self-care, while more moderate to severe symptoms may require other treatments such as medications or psychotherapy. Limitations Like other self-report assessments used in children, the CDI is vulnerable to certain limitations. For example, because children dont have the same sophistication as adults related to understanding and reporting their emotions, their responses may not reflect their true emotional state. In addition, children may be more likely than adults to attempt to give what they believe to be the desired answers rather than answers that represent their true feelings. Some researchers have also observed that children who do not have age-appropriate reading skills may receive an inaccurate  diagnosis on the basis of their CDI score. What Happens Next? The CDI is a quick and painless depression assessment for your child. While any type of test is sure to make a child nervous, you can assure your child that there are no right or wrong answers. Depressive symptoms tend to fluctuate in both children and adults. Therefore, the tests author recommends retesting any child who receives a positive score on the CDI two to four weeks after the initial test. In addition, a child who receives a positive score on the CDI should be referred for a comprehensive  evaluation by a licensed mental health professional.   If you are concerned about depression in your child, it is important to consult with your childs pediatrician or other mental health professional. It is important that childhood depression is treated quickly. How to Spot Depression in a Child

Annotated Bibliography On Import Java - 726 Words

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The Social Theory Of Sociology - 1476 Words

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Self-Love and Friendships Free Essays

In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle describes the three different types of friendships: virtue, pleasure and utility. He describes how each friendship is different and how some friendships last and some don’t. According to Aristotle, the relationship between friendships and self-love is friendships break down into self-love, the type of self-love one has determines what types of friendships one can maintain. We will write a custom essay sample on Self-Love and Friendships or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aristotle explains how in self-love one loves themself the most, or loves their partner the most, but should a man love himself most, or some one else? By breaking down friendships into self-love and using the truth tables, one can find the relationship between friendship and self-love. According to Aristotle, a friendship of utility is for the old. This type of friendship is easily broken and is based on what the other person in the relationship has brought to that relationship. One is in this relationship of utility because it is beneficial to them; one gets something out of it from the other person in it. This relationship is based on the benefits one can gain from being in this relationship (Page 130). This friendship is easily broken because when one no longer benefits there is no need for the friendship. The relationship of utility is a selfish relationship. The friendship of pleasure is to be seen in younger people. This usually involves the feelings between two lovers. This is when people get greater pleasure than when they are alone. This friendship is much like the friendship of utility where the relationship only lasts as long as the pleasure is still there. The friendship of virtue is the highest friendship one can have. In this relationship, both artners are alike in virtue, and they wish well to each other. This relationship, unlike utility and pleasure, is hard to obtain because these types of people are hard to come by. A virtuous relationship is long lasting as well because of their moral virtue. Friendship of virtue is seen to be permanent because the people involved meet all the qualities that friends should have. (Book Viii, chapter 3). Aristotle states that there are two different types of self-love. Many people who love themselves the most are characterized as selfish and egotistical, these people re seen as a disgrace. When people are egotistical they value things only in their personal interest Someone who is only interested in their own self-interest won’t do anything if they can’t get something out of it that will benefit them. When one looks for the greatest share of wealth, honor and bodily pleasures, their self-love is bad. It is problematic to think these are the best things. These people are motivated by greed and self-interest. Aristotle claims if this one has the bad type of self-love then they should love their friend the most. If they can relate to their self as their own friend, then this is the self-love they should have, to love their friend the most. â€Å"A man’s best friend is one who wishes well to the object of his wish for his sake, and these attributes are found most of all in a man’s attitude towards himself, and so are the other attributes by which a friend is defined. † (Book ‘X, Chapter 8). According to Aristotle, people who look for utility or pleasure are not treating themselves well. One should love a friend for who they are, and one should love their self for the same eason. A person who seeks for personal goodness will aim at a virtuous life. (Page When one looks at self -love and the different types of friendships, utility, pleasure and virtue, they need to take into consideration the two different types of â€Å"or†. A friendship can be either â€Å"x/or† virtuous or â€Å"and/or† virtuous. â€Å"X/or† is when the friendship is exclusively virtuous meaning one or the other friendship, not both. The â€Å"and/or† relationship can be a virtuous relationship or another friendship exclusively and both. One who has the bad or negative self-love can have an â€Å"Wor† virtuous relationship or an â€Å"and/or†, business and pleasure relationship. A person who has the good type of self-love is increasing virtue so they can strive to be a person who is living a life well-lived. In this self-love, one can have an â€Å"and/or† virtuous relationship. The use of the truth tables will help determine which type of â€Å"or† goes with the correct relationship. One who has virtuous friend love â€Å"and/or† self-love has a balanced life. One who has egotistical self-love â€Å"x/or† virtuous friend love, has love or another, but the love can only increase or decrease and never grow. It is important to remember that according to Aristotle, one who is not virtuous cannot be in a virtuous relationship. Aristotle explains how the three relationships, pleasure, utility and virtue can differ. Aristotle states how each relationship needs certain characteristics in order to be obtained and who can interact in such a relationship. When one loves them self the most, a person can be in all three relationships. When one loves their friend the most, they can only be in a virtuous relationship. The relationship of utility and pleasure both are relationships that are based on benefits and once those benefits are gone, the relationship ends. I believe that many people have friendships of utility and not so much virtuous relationships. Not many people can say they have been friends with the same person for a long time. I agree with Aristotle when he says virtuous relationships are rare because of that. According to Aristotle, the relationship between friendships and self-love is friendships break down into self- love. How to cite Self-Love and Friendships, Papers

Assignments assistance on Leadership Experience @Myassignmenthelp

Question: Write an essay about the leadership experience. Answer: Introduction The range of activities the people undertake as a manager is substantial with the result that the variety of skills needed to succeed is broad. Whenever the literature talks about the term organization two questions may arise in mind as a first reflection- what kind of organization and who is the leader (Mendenhall Osland, 2012). There may be many factors that can lead an organization towards the failure and success, but the leadership role is also significant and crucial in handling organizations. Many executives have a strong vision of where they want to go. According to Daft (2014), self awareness and strong ties between the leadership strategy and strategy of business create a rock-solid foundation for success. There are three common traits that every leader must have to become a prominent leader are being desire to be a leader, full commitment towards the vision and mission of the corporation and integrity. Richard Goyder is one of the well-known business personalities, who hav e been successfully shown his leadership skills as holding the position of Managing Director of Wesfarmers Limited. Since the year 1993, he has contributed towards the growth of this organization in performing different job responsibilities. Now Wesfarmers has grown into one of the largest listed diversified organizations of Australia. In this essay, the leadership skills of Richard Goyder will be discussed. Readers will get an idea about the different layers of his personality and several decisions making approaches which have considered as effective in the success of the organization. Discussion In todays uncertain, volatile, complex and ambiguous environment, leaders will be called upon to deal with multifaceted emerging threats within the context of the global environment. Leaders will be required to understand, learn and adapt certain requirements by the perfect execution of their duties. According to Goleman et al. 2013, unique characteristics and leadership style of a person identifies capabilities to being lead an organizations through difficult and challenging environment to solve complex business problems. In this discussion, the document will discuss the characteristics and style of leadership of Richer Goyder. Since the over hundred years, Western Australian farmer cooperative, known as Wesfarmers has been engaged in diverse business operations include super markets, hotels, liquor, hotel, convenience stores and so on. Now the company has become one of the largest private sector employers of Australia where the managing directors and his effective team manage around 210000 employees with having the base of stakeholders of nearly 500000. Under the guidance of Richard Goyder, the company satisfies the need of consumers through the provision of goods and services on a competitive and provisional basis. His journey has been started since 1993, when he joined Wesfarmers, after working several commercial roles at the organization of Tubemakers of Australia Limited. After held several numbers of commercial positions in the department of Business Development of Wesfarmers, such as GM, Richard Goyder was appointed as managing director of this company in 1999. He has overseen the purchase and transf ormation Coles, driven Bunnings to its pre-eminent position of market, shepherded this diversified corporation through the GFC and since then the company ensured Wesfarmers shareholders a better than market return. The story of Wesfarmers proves that the success of the organization is completely depends on good management or more accurately, good leadership, irrespective of what industry the business is working in. In one of the recent interview of this influential leader, Richard Goyder relied about the model of Wesfarmers that in retail business, you want a very strong service culture; in a mining business you want a very strong safety culture. There are differences and not a lot of synergies (Re Rule 2016). He believes in operating under a concrete business structure, prioritizing the appropriate business model. During the phase of Wesfarmers move to acquire Coles, many industrialists and market participants of Australia have made several controversial comments because though Coles was a great brand, but that organization was plagued by a notorious history, unlike the company like Wesfarmers. However, Richard Goyder was confident that he and his team could definitely make Coles better and more importantly good returnable organization. Richard Goyder is one of the few competent leaders who have successfully qualified as remarkable. His decision making abilities clearly identify his leadership traits such as a string level of confidence and an optimistic thinking approach. Today Coles has achieved a remarkable position in the Australias grocery supply chain market after the combining efforts of the management team of Wesfarmers. His confidence is contagious. Employees of Wesfarmers are naturally drawn towards seeking an advice, and feel more confident as a result (O'Connell Gibbons, 2016). Ho wever, the best thing about Richards leadership traits is taking responsibility wherever proven wrong and quickly acts to improve the situations within his authority. For instance, Richard Goyder has criticized the decision of Federal Government for having created a two-tiered business tax system. The government said that small business will get 1.5 percent cut off since the year of 2013. Richard firmly argued saying that this was completely wrong to have a different tax structure for different sized business. This incident proves his great level of accountability and farm decision making approaches (Ulrich et al. 2013). He believes that CEOs required more than persuasiveness and eloquence to achieve change. His sense of adaptability is very high. For instance, Mr Goyder identified the removal of trading hour restrictions as a much needed change and responded to the Australias competition policies to stay competitive. Now the business adapted the 247 online business culture. My Goyd er said in this context that time is the best judge of the persons leadership. He also said that a leader needs to be aware of challenges and be honest with them. All these comment of Richard Goyder clearly make understood that the organizational leadership of Richard Goyder is full of multi-layered and multi-dimensional. There are many attributes have been identified which gives him a spectacular success for being served as Managing Director of Wesfarmers. Firstly, he does not considered as a ego-centric person because he said that he has surrounded himself with good people. Richard believes in team management and sense of control (Van Wart, 2014). By putting 25000 employees under his new leadership team, ate now ready to perform what Richard is trying to do to the business. Secondly, many researchers find him a trustworthy and honest leader. He has frankly admitted that he has strengths and several weaknesses. This is indeed commendable for employees who are following his foot-ste ps and builds their career path. Thirdly, his leadership has been showcased a remarkable correlation between head office and several diversified sections of Wesfarmers and results a better performance. Believing in combined efforts and ability to take the sensible decision, Richard Goyder has shown his tough decisiveness and strong confidence (O'Connell Gibbons, 2016). Personally Mr. Goyler believes that there is no magical recipe for leadership. However, other business units like Coles, Kmart, Bunnings and many others have identified that he gives enough exposure and the ability to lead without interference. This makes relationship with the head office more integrated and ensure more financial stability. Therefore, the identified leadership traits of Richard Goyder are high confidence, honesty, great accountability and decisiveness and optimism thinking process. There are various types of leadership styles applied in business organizations. These include Laissez-Faire, Autocratic, Participative, Transactional and Transformational. According to Boscardin 2016), leaders of laissez faire lack direct supervisions of staffs and fail to record regular feedback to those under his supervision. On the other hand, Autocratic leadership is all about allows managers to make decisions alone without the interference of others. Under this leadership styles, managers often prefer to possess total authority. Participative leadership style boosts employee morale by allowing employees in their decision making (Ardichvili et al 2016). Under the transformational leadership, the managers provide rewards or punishments to team members based on performance results of employees. Lastly, transformational leadership style completely based on high level of communication from management to accomplish organizational goals (Avolio Yammarino, 2013). Based on the leadershi p styles of Richard Goyder, this can be said that he is following participative leadership style. He believes in employee participation in the decision making of Wesfarmers (Imperial et al. 2016). This gives enough opportunity for employees to show their capabilities and it causes them to feel as if their opinion matters. Under his dynamic leadership approach, the company has participated in various CSR activities. This leadership helps employees to accept organizational changes or ensures high adaptability in their working environment. Therefore, this participative leadership style of Richard Goyder ensures high performance from the side of employees and better place to work with. His leadership skill and approaches learnt that employee participation is most important which can be boost up by providing motivation and encouragement from the effective leadership of managers. Managers need to be developed several areas to become an effective leader (Friedrich et al. 2016). All the good qualities of leadership has identified during the early part of the twentieth century. There are various leadership theories focused on certain qualities which distinguished between leaders and followers (Nichols, 2016). On the other hand, many subsequent theories are looked at other variables such as factors of situational and skill levels. All these below mentioned theories gives priorities on different variables of personalities and can be discussed under the eight major types categories. Based on these leadership theories, the reader can identify the most important areas or attributes of a manager to become an effective leader. Great Man theories assume that the capacity of leadership is inherent. According this approach leaders are born not made. However, this concept is not so realistic and many of the literatures contradict that leadership skill can developed by identifying the specific traits of the personality. The concept of the Trait theories assumes that inherent certain traits and qualities make people better suited to leadership. According to Chan (2016), trait theories help to identify particular personality or characteristics behaviorally shared by leaders. There are many traits are identified by many researchers which makes a good leader. According to Smalley et al. (2016), business and its employees are the reflection of a leader and hence, if leader make ethical and honest behavior, the will follow suit. Therefore honesty is one of the important attributes that needs to be maintained during the critical business functioning. Furthermore, delegating task is an important traits because finessin g the vision of the brand is essential to create an efficient and systematic business model, however, if the leader dont show their trustworthiness towards the team with that vision, then such leader might never progress to the next stage (Mendenhall Osland, 2012). Trait theory explains people who possess particular traits which are key features of leadership however, never reacted as being leader before. In this context this can be said that the key to delegation is defining the strengths of the team and capitalizing on them. On the other hand, an effective communication skill is essential to develop to lead the team from the front not only in order to negotiate business internationally, but also for communicating within the workplace. Furthermore, a healthy line of communication of the leader can create a productive work environment. It often breaks the ice and immediately helps to develop that sense of familiarity. According to the concept of the trait theory, an effective leade r should have the ability to boost their followers. Keeping the level of confidence and assure that it is significant to focus on the large goal is all about the ultimate duty of a leader. One of the common attributes identified in case of leadership is a full commitment to the brand and towards the role of being leaders. This does not give the opportunities of leader to earn the respect but this will inculcate that same hardworking energy among employees. On the other hand, motivating people towards the continued success of the company ensures higher productivity and fine balance between employer-employee relationships. Hence, positive or optimists thinking process is important to develop effective leaders. Several observations emerge from an examination that ranges of individual differences in terms of identified traits and qualities may be considered as essential for building a good leader however, these theoretical leadership attributes could not be sustained consistently across different leadership situations (Avolio Yammarino, 2013). For this reason, many scholars have found out other leadership theories useful to make a leader more influential and efficient. For instance, Contingency theories of leadership mainly focus on what particular leadership styles that must be suited in a most effective manner for any particular situation Chemers, 2014). This style of leadership hardly finds the best suited leadership styles in all situations (Ellyson et al. 2012). Based in this theory, several variables such as style of the leadership, followers quality and aspects of the situation are identified which can be incorporated while developing leadership skills under this theory and ensure the success of the business. Under the usage of Situational theories, the decisions of leaders may choose the best suitable actions depends on the situational variables. If a good leader has a sound knowledge about the different types of leadership styles, then it would be easier for him to use this theory for certain types of situational decision making. For instance, taking a tough decision by the manager for the sake of the benefits of the organization may lead short term loss (Dinh et al. 2014). However the users follow this theory to identify certain types of decision making. Another common leadership theory is Behavioral theories. This leadership approach is completely opposite to Great Man discusses the focus of the actions if leaders. According to this theory, no mental qualities or internal states can be considered. However, learning interest and a sense of adaptability are the behavioral attributes which needs to be identified. These aspects are important which ensures a great success of the business because this leadership helps to maintain the business competitiveness by learning (Carter, 2015). On the other way, those people who are capable of learning can increase their sense of observation and foresee ability and develop an effective leadersh ip style within them. To bring out the ideal leadership qualities, people can follow Participative theories that suggest that that leadership style is ideal when a leader learnt a lesson from the input of others into account. It means that a good leader should not be rigid or conservative towards individual perspectives. Those leaders encourage contribution and participation from the contemporary members and build the more committed culture within the workplace can surely be successful however, if such leader gather inputs from others. If the leader follows this leadership style, then he will surely develop good team management ability where he will certainly allow contribution of employees in decision making (Van Wart, 2014). Additionally, this approach will increase morale of employees and can ensure a better production altogether. On the other way, collaborative team functionality can be practiced by following the Management theories. These transactional approaches mainly focus on the role of organizat ion, supervision and group performance. It indicates that extraordinary leaders take responsibilities for everyones performance, including their own. This leadership approach increases the morale and provides employee encouragement by the system of reward and punishment as well. This approach is common and has already applied by many organizations. On the contrary, theories of Relationship focus to establish a connection between leaders and followers (Summerfield, 2015). According to this theory, an inspirational leader needs to have a sense of awareness, empathy and honesty so that employee can respond in terms of every leaders call. On the other way, this can be said that motivation and inspiration should be provided by the leader to bring out maximum potentialities of the group members. Here an effective leader should give focus on each person to his or her potential. Therefore, high ethical and moral standards are also required in becoming an efficient and effective leader. Therefore, the above discussion clearly indicates that people needs to develop different areas of their personality to become a perfect leader. Based on the qualities of leadership and people need to learn and practice: Individual-assessment: Being an effective leader, he needs to take stock of their personal strengths and shortcomings (Carter, 2015). Knowing the areas of weakness, leader, on the contrary, will delegate people more effectively who have that ability. Sharp perception: Leaders needs to have a clear perception based on which all critical decision making can be delivered by him. This has been noticed that they have an easy level of honest communication with his peers and a detailed understanding of how they are perceived. Responsive attitudes: Being a responsive behavior in knowing the needs of the team and creative practices with organized nature are indeed required to perform as an effective presenter of the team (Chemers, 2014). Organizational knowledge: Leaders need to well-versed about the organizations goals and overall perspective and further they should even know how their team fits into the big picture. Conclusion This essay discussed the different qualities, traits, leadership styles, personality in order to explain the importance of the leadership developments which are all useful information and be followed to become a effective and efficient leader in an organization. In the first section, an influential and inspirational leadership style and characteristics of Richard Goyder are discussed and his multi-dimensional leadership qualities are analyzed. This is found from that discussion that a leader should believe in building a team management within the organization besides the persuasiveness and eloquence to achieve change. Believing on the ability of each team members and clear communication makes the leader and followers relationship more transparent. In the second section, all the areas and the relevant criterias have been discussed which are essential to become an effective leader. By discussing different leadership models, all the required skills and abilities are being discussed such a developing a sharp perception towards the goal of the organization or to admit strengths and weaknesses makes a leader more effective and transformational. References: Ardichvili, A., och Dag, K. N., Manderscheid, S. (2016). Leadership Development Current and Emerging Models and Practices. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 1523422316645506. Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (2013). Introduction to, and overview of, transformational and charismatic leadership. Transformational and charismatic leadership: the road ahead. London: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Boscardin, M. L. (2016). Transforming educational leadership to support personalised learning. Australian Educational Leader, 38(1), 6. Carter, R. (2015). The changing face of leadership: Connecting financial performance with effective leadership. Training Development, 42(6), 10. Chan, G. P. L. (2016). Diffferences in leadership traits between superintendents from traditional and nontraditional career paths (Doctoral dissertation, FORDHAM UNIVERSITY). Chemers, M. (2014). An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Daft, R. (2014). The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., Hu, J. (2014). Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 36-62. Ellyson, L. M., Gibson, J. H., Nichols, M., Doerr, A. (2012, January). A Study of Fiedler's Contingency Theory Among Military Leaders. In Allied Academies International Conference. Academy of Strategic Management. Proceedings (Vol. 11, No. 1, p. 7). Jordan Whitney Enterprises, Inc. Friedrich, T. L., Griffith, J. A., Mumford, M. D. (2016). Collective leadership behaviors: Evaluating the leader, team network, and problem situation characteristics that influence their use. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(2), 312-333. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., McKee, A. (2013). Primal leadership. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Massachusetts (2004, paperback edition). Imperial, M. T., Ospina, S., Johnston, E., O'Leary, R., Thomsen, J., Williams, P., Johnson, S. (2016). Understanding leadership in a world of shared problems: advancing network governance in large landscape conservation. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 14(3), 126-134. Mendenhall, M. E., Osland, J. (2012). Global leadership: Research, practice, and development. Routledge. Nichols, A. L. (2016). What do people desire in their leaders? The effect of leadership experience on desired leadership traits. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 37(5). O'Connell, W., Gibbons, D. (2016). At Your Service-Leadership That Truly Inspires. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 38(4), 27. Re, D. E., Rule, N. O. (2016). The big man has a big mouth: Mouth width correlates with perceived leadership ability and actual leadership performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 63, 86-93. Smalley, S. W., Retallick, M. S., Metzger, D., Greiman, B. (2016). Analysis of Leadership Perceptions, Skills and Traits as Perceived by Agribusiness and Industry Professionals. NACTA Journal, 60(1a), 43. Summerfield, e. (2015). Learning leadership for complex environmental problems. Ulrich, D., Zenger, J., Smallwood, N. (2013). Results-based leadership. Harvard Business Press. Van Wart, M. (2014). Dynamics of leadership in public service: Theory and practice. Routledge.

The Tempest By William Shakespeare (1564 1616) Essay Example For Students

The Tempest By William Shakespeare (1564 1616) Essay The Tempestby William Shakespeare(1564 1616)Type of Work:Romantic fantasySettingA remote island; fifteenth centuryPrincipal CharactersProspero, the rightful Duke of Milan,cast away on an island in the seaMiranda, his beautiful daughterAlonso, King of NaplesFerdinand, Alonsos sonAntonio, Prosperos wicked brother, andfalse Duke of MilanSebastian, Alonsos brotherGonzalo, a kind philosopherTrinculo and Stephano, two drunken courtiersAriel, Prosperos spirit servantCaliban, Properos grotesque slave-monsterStory OverveiwA great tempest arose that drove a certainship, bound to Naples from Tunis, off its course and onto an unchartedisland. The storm had been magically called up by Prospero, one of thetwo human inhabitants of the island, in order to bring the vessel to shore. We will write a custom essay on The Tempest By William Shakespeare (1564 1616) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Prospero had once been the mighty Dukeof Milan, and had reigned justly. But he had grown so absorbed in his intellectualpursuits most o them relating to the supernatural that he turned overthe tedious reins of government to his trusted brother Antonio, freeinghimself to devote his time to the library and the studies he loved. But,sadly, his ambitious brother, taking advantage of Prosperos naivete, usurpedhis power a plan he was only able to carry out with the help of Alonso,the King of Naples and sworn enemy of Milan. Antonio and Alonso cruellycaptured Prospero and his infant daughter Miranda, and set them adriftat sea in a small, rotting craft. They would have been drowned Antonioswish had not a counselor on the ship, Gonzalo, provided them with foodand drink, and with those volumes from Prosperos collection that containedhis magic spells. When Prospero and Miranda washed ashoreon their remote island, they found two rather unusual inhabitants. Thefirst was a fairy spirit named Ariel, who had been imprisoned within atree by her former master, a witch named Sycorax. Prospero freed Arielfrom the tree and thus became her new master. The other creature, Caliban, son of Sycorax,was a lumbering, deformed, half-savage figure. He hated Prospero andeveryone and everything else, for that matter but was also forced toacknowledge him as master. For twelve years Prospero had kindly ruled overthe other three islanders, all the while practicing a form of benevolentsorcery. Why, then, did Prospero incite the elementsto cause this ship to be tossed aground on his island? Because he knew,as it turned out, that the ship bore the very people who had usurped himofhispowersomaiiyyearsbefore Antonio, Alonso, and their courtiers. Thekind, wise Gonzalo was also aboard, along with Ferdinand, Alonsos honorableson. Prosperos plan was to magically scatter the passengers about theisland in three groups, put them through a series of trials and adventuresby which the bad would be chastised and the good rewarded, and then bringthem all together to make peace once and for all. Alonso, together with Antonio, Sebastian,Gonzalo, and others, found themselves together on the beach. They wereastonished to discover that not only had they survived the shipwreck, butthat their clothes were clean, dry and pressed (one of Prosperos manybits of magic). However, Alonso did not see Ferdinand among the survivors,and supposing his son had drowned, cried out in grief. Still the good-heartedcounselor, old Gonzalo tried to cheer the distraught Alonso, but Sebastianjoined Antonio in mocking his efforts at optimism. At this time, the invisible Ariel cameon the scene. By playing her tilting music she caused a deep sleep to comeupon everyone except Sebastian and Antonio. The situation prompted Antonioto tempt Sebastian with a proposition: , My strong imagination sees a crowndropping upon thy head, he began. He went on to say, in effect, You rememberhow simple it was for me to seize the entire rule of Milan by overthrowingmy brother? Well, by killing your brother Alonso as he sleeps, you couldbecome King of Naples. No one would ever know how you ascended to the thronc.Sebastian succumbed to the temptation, and was just about to strike offhis brothers head when Ariel awakened the company. Antonios plot hadbeen frustrated. .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a , .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a .postImageUrl , .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a , .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a:hover , .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a:visited , .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a:active { border:0!important; } .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a:active , .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2135803f45b03047289f125d1f1a345a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Giver EssayAs the men tramped awkwardly around theisland in hopes of finding Ferdinand alive, Sebastian and Antonio lookedforward to a second opportunity to murder Alonso. But suddenly the groupwas beset by a miraculous vision, sent by Prospero: a numerous troupe offairies and sprites, dancing about a table laden with rich foods. The hungrycompany, invited to eat, was just about to partake, when suddenly lightning, struck and thunder rolled; Ariel appeared in the form of a Harpy (a greedymonster, part woman and part bird). As quickly as it had appeared, thebanquet table vanished. Then Ariel rebuked Alonso, Antonio and Sebastianfor the crimes they had committed or had intended to commit and ledthem all, guilt-stricken and humbled, to Prospero. Ferdinand had landed on another part ofthe island. As he inourned the father he believed to have drowned, he foundhimself helplessly guided by Ariels music to Prospero and Miranda. Nosooner had Ferdinand set eyes on Prosperos unspoiled, tender-hearted daughter,than he fell in love with her, and she with him. Prospero, however, concealedhis pleasure in seeing these two youngsters so much enthralled by one another,and refused to allow Ferdinand to take Miranda as his queen until he hadundergone an ordeal to prove his devotion. The wise magician then orderedthe young prince to spend the day lugging and stacking a pile of huge logs,menial labor unbefitting royalty. But Ferdinand gladly accepted the task. He toiled, even through the pleadings of his beloved: . .. Pray you, worknot so hard! My father is hard at study. Hes safe for these three hours.Now Prospero was indeed at study; not thestudy of books, but of hearts. As he watched the two lovers, he smiledat his innocent daughters conspiracy, and sighed with joy at Ferdinandsrefusal to slacken his work. When Prospero was satisfied with Ferdinandsprobation, he gave him Mirandas hand and instructed the pair to wait withhim until the other castaways should arrive. Stephano and Trinculo, one a butler andthe other a jester, had turned up on still another stretch of the island. They had managed to rescue several bottles of liquor from the ship andwere lumbering about on the sand, blind drunk, when they had the misfortuneof bumping into hideous Caliban, lying on the beach under a stinking cloak. After accepting a drink from the staggering courtiers, Caliban, now tipsyhimself, promised to help them obtain sovereignty over the island ifthey would help him murder the present ruler, Prospero. The drunkards agreed,and the three set off in a comical daze to seek out the magician. Arieloverheard their conspiracy and intervened to thwart their plan by placingdiversions in their path attacking hounds; rich, tempting raiment danglingon elusive clotheslines; and many other such conjurations. Later, Ariel drove the pathetic trio throughfilthy ditches, swamps, and brier patches, until they finally reached Prosperoscave. Now, with the entire ships populationreunited minus Ferdinand, who was playing chess with Miranda inside thecave Prospero gathered everyone into an enchanted circle and revealedhis true identity. All were astonished, as they had thought the duke waslong dead. Prospero mildly rebuked all the schemers of evil:First Alonso and Antonio, for overthrowinghis dukedom and leaving him to perish; then Sebastian, for plotting tokill Alonso; and lastly Trinculo and Stephano, for conniving with Calibanto murder him. Then, assured that the company had repented of their evildeeds and intentions, he granted his full, sovereign forgiveness to all. Prospero next warmly commended his benefactorGonzalo for his saintly character and behavior. Finally, he beckonedpenitent Alonso to enter the cave. There, the father tearfully embracedthe son he had thought dead. When introduced to Miranda, Ferdinands cherishedbride-to-be, Alonso was equally captivated by her. .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a , .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a .postImageUrl , .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a , .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a:hover , .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a:visited , .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a:active { border:0!important; } .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a:active , .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2ba5a3ffd528f68a5e55b02202dd2b7a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Critical Reflection Of Different Aspects Of Internationalisation & Education EssayAnd now, with joy and reconciliation reigning,Ariel reported to Prospero that the beached vessel was repaired and readyfor a return voyage to Milan. Before departing the island, however, theold magician, in a final act of kindness, freed Ariel from her servitude. He then took his books and staff and cast them into the sea, openly vowingto give up his long-held practice of sorcery. Prospero sailed with the company back toItaly to begin life anew, to reign once more in Milan, and to witnessthe marriage of his daughter to faithful Ferdinand. CommentaryThis unusual play full of music, sorcery,conspiracy, romance, comedy, and pathos belongs to the last period of Shakespearescareer. The odd, bitter-sweet drama embodies qualities of both tragedyand comedy, though this and others of the final plays are usually classifiedas romances. In The Tempest, everybody, as Gonzalo notes,leaves the island in a changed state: Alonso finally suffers the pangsof guilt and begs forgiveness for his crimes against Prospero; Antonioeventually humbles himself. These two villains are mirrored in a kind ofcomic relief by Trinculo and Stephano, who are also led to repentance. Since The Tempest is considered Shakespearesfinal great play, many critics have suggested that Prospero representsShakespeare himself at the end of his work, that the magicians final speech,in which he renounces magic, is meant to symbolize the Bards farewellto the theater before retiring to his Stratford home. The entire allegoricalplot, beginning with an oceangoing peril and subsequently spanning thebreadth of human emotions, ending in a scene of serenity and joy, may indeedreflect and symbolize the writers reflections on his life. At any rate, the play stands as one ofShakespeares greatest works, possessing a strange, undefinable, compositequality that sets it apart from all others.

mice and men Essay Example

mice and men Essay Example mice and men Essay mice and men Essay In Of Mice and Men, characters have dreams of living a better life in future. For one thing, George and Lennie often talk about owning a little house, a few acres of land, and live in serenity without having to work for somebody. George and Lennie recite, Someday-were gonna get the Jack together and were gonna have a little house and a couple acres an a cow and some pigs An live off the fatta the Ian An have rabbits (Steinbeck 14). This expresses that both George and Lennie hope to achieve heir dreams and are motivated and inspired to work until they have what they need to live life the way they want without being told. Another example of a character having a dream is Candy, whom offers money to George and Lennie to grow a garden as part of being part of their dream. He recounts, Maybe if I give you guys my money, youll let me hoe in the garden even after I aint no good at it When they can me here I wisht somebodyd shoot me wont have no place to go, an I cant get no more jobs (Steinbeck 60) This shows that Candy is found to be useless and timeworn by imself and others and wants to be apart of their ranch to escape his inefficiency once hes too old to be a swamper instead of having no Job and no place to go. In Of Mice and Men, characters have dreams of living a better life in future. For one thing, George and Lennie often talk about owning a little house, a few acres of land, and live in serenity without having to work for somebody. George and Lennie recite, I wisht somebodyd shoot me wont have no place to go, an I cant get no more once hes too old to be a swamper instead of having no Job and no place to go.

Organisational and leadership management Case Study - 1

Organisational and leadership management - Case Study Example Their major aim is to highlight themselves in the middle and lower strata of the population to gain maximum market penetration and market share. Going into the history of the organization, it was founded in 1965 in West Yorkshire England, and it is there only that their headquarters are present. The major products that they are offering their vast customer base are grocery, general merchandize and financial services; a domain that is different from their focal business. Associated Dairies and Farms Stores Limited was formed in 1949; the company ASDA was formed after a merger agreement with three supermarket chains in 1965. After a lot of changes in the product base, coupled with mergers, acquisitions and diversifications, they started their focused approach towards extending their food retailers vision forward. This was done in 1989, by buying huge stores of Rivals, Gateway Superstores for a whopping some of 750 million pounds. Problem of selling too many products arose, which are encountered by raising capital from shareholders twice. The journey of then coupling themselves with the American giant Wal-Mart started where the CEO of the company even sent people to the organization in order to access the marketing and technology base that their international rivals were using. The takeover of this British organization by the US giant Wal-Mart, took place on 26th July, 1999; this was when the organization was planning to take over Kingfisher plc. (ASD A, 2009) The organization is basically boasting to provide product and service both to its values customers. It is more of less in the middle of the product-service continuum, sliding more towards to product end. This is because the organization has built a brand name in providing quality service in terms of retail housing to its customers. This requires high quality of product. On the other hand, due to their sound brand name, they have this aspect of after sales service that is being associated with the organization, the customers are satisfied that their queries would be met with. The element we will be focusing on in the assignment is the product orientation of the organization. It is a publically owned organization where shares are being traded on different stock exchanges. The company boasts of an income of 638 million pounds and is currently employing over 143 thousand in its organization, serving the whole of the United Kingdom. They have been known for their marketing campaigns based of fair/low price products that have kept the competition alive in the retailer market. ANALYSIS OF THE ORGANIZATION The organization provides retail to its customers. Apart from the basic grocery products and retail chains that it is providing its customers, the company has also diversified and moved into the financial sector market. They also provide financial services to the customers with the help of the subsidiary organizations. However, the focus of the analysis is the retailer section of the organization's product line. There are several factors for choosing the General Merchandize and grocery sector, in short the retailer business, of the company. One of the most prominent and important one is that this sector has been developed over a large period of time. The

International HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International HRM - Essay Example It is a given fact that different forms of expatriate assignments are very important to any corporation that has presence in different nations for functional success (Adler, 1983). Incorporating any expatriate to the functional as well as the developmental environment of an organization is also necessary to ensure that expatriate has a healthy working atmosphere around him or her. Many researchers and HR professionals are interested in understanding how to facilitate expatriate adjustment in order to make sure that the global projects that invariably involved a considerable amount of investment prove to be successful. Many different factors are involved in expatriate adjustment and it is the responsibility of the human resources management to facilitate this process. This study aims to explore the various actions that the HR can take to facilitate expatriate adjustment in a smooth manner. Many researches from consultancies (GMAC, 2006) have shown a consistent and substantial growth i n the number of people who have been sent abroad by their employee. In light of this, it is necessary to understand the different ways in which an organization can ease the process and make it comfortable for the employees to adjust to a different country and organizational set up. According to the model of international adjustment developed by Black, Mendenhall and Oddou (1991), expatriate adjustment has three inherent domains; one is adjustment to an overseas workplace, adjustment to interacting with the host nationals and adjustment to the overseas work atmosphere. As per the research done by Navas et al (2007), there are six domains that are crucial in expatriate adjustment, and they are politics and government, work, economics, social relations, family relations and ideology. According to Navas, the domains are listed based on the increasing resistance to change. For example, employees would easily adjust to the government rules, work, economics and so on, but they would not ea sily adjust the belief, value systems and ideology of the host country. The Human Resources department can decide on working on each of these aspects based on the tenure as well as the previous experience of the employees. Expatriate adjustment has a good influence on the performance of the employees and if there are, some issues related to adjustment there are high chances that the performance may get affected in various degrees. In this study, the various factors that need to be addressed by the HR in order to ensure a smooth a transition. Choice of the Right Person Before the decision related to selecting an employee for an expatriate assignment is made, it is necessary to explore different aspects. One such aspect is flexibility. It is necessary to understand the level of flexibility that an employee brings in to the organization (Feldman and Thompson, 1993). If an employee finds it difficult to work in different groups or teams within the same organization in the same location, there are chances that he or she may find it even more difficult to adjust in a foreign location. Hence, the HR personnel should ensure that the person has displayed a good amount of flexibility in their current roles before sending them for an overseas assignment. It is also important to understand the manner in which employee responds to change in the organization. In addition, it is also necessary to test the aptitude of the person to live abroad. The employee should be open to the idea of living in another country for the fixed tenure. In

Method for Measuring the Area of Radiometric Apertures

Method for Measuring the Area of Radiometric Apertures ERREIRA DA   Method for measuring the area of radiometric apertures using the ratio of Gaussian beams I propose and demonstrate a method for determining the area of radiometric apertures using the power ratio between Gaussian beams. The result relies on measuring the power of an optical beam of known radius with and without the radiometric aperture. The impact of the characterization of the laser beam and of the radiometric measurements on the area estimation is discussed and a 3-mm in-diameter sample is measured for validation. The contactless method is fast and simple and results in a relative uncertainty of 0.12%.   Calibration of the area of an aperture is necessary for radiometric and photometric measurements, including spectral irradiance [1- 4] and the realization of the SI unit candela [5-7]. The plethora of methods reported in literature can be assorted whether they are contact or contactless. Contact methods include probing the aperture border with an stylus, which position is mapped by an interferometric system [8]. Contactless methods are preferable as the possibility of damaging the sharp edge of the aperture during the measurement is avoided. A camera with an objective lens can be used for taking digital pictures of parts of the inner perimeter of the aperture, while an interferometric system is used for measuring the displacement of the images, allowing them to be further stithed together [9]. Another approach consists in raster scanning the aperture relative to a laser focused in a small spot in the aperture plane to determine the diameter at some radial angles [10]. Methods based on radiometric ratios have also been reported and depend on comparing measurements performed with a light overfilled aperture and a reference value. A spatially-uniform beam emerging from an integrating sphere can be used to compare the radiometric values obtained with the aperture under calibration and with the reference one [11]. Similarly a matrix of small-spot laser sources can be used [12, 13], with the reference provided by the known uniform irradiance distribution. In this paper I propose a method for determining the area of a radiometric aperture using the ratio between Gaussian laser beams. The result is obtained from measurements of the optical power transmitted through the overfilled aperture compared to the total optical power without the aperture, with the beam radius at the aperture plane previously characterized. The technique is contactless and the measurement is relatively fast, providing an alternative way for measuring radiometric apertures. A. Model The method proposed for determining the area of the aperture is based on measuring the radiometric ratio between the beam limited by the aperture and the full beam. Consider a Gaussian beam propagating along the zˆ  axis with an intensity distribution in the radial direction à Ã‚  on the transversal plane described as I (1) where the beam radius à Ã¢â‚¬ ° (z) is [14] (2) and the waist radius is à Ã¢â‚¬ °0 = à Ã¢â‚¬ ° (0). The beam radii in the analysis are taken at 1/e2 of the maximum intensity. The total optical power of the beam is obtained by integrating its intensity over the transversal area as   Ã‚   Ptotal /2(3) The circular radiometric aperture is modelled as a Boxcar function with mean radius r à Ã¢â‚¬ ° (z) and transmittance given by g (x, y) = rect(4) Positioning the aperture in the plane orthogonal to the beam axis at à Ã‚ =0 reduces the measured optical power in eq. (3) to Z r Pap (z) =I (à Ã‚ , z) 2à Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ dà Ã‚ (5) 0 The ratio between the optical power limited by the aperture at position z and the total optical power of the beam is thus [14] (z)2r2 R(6) The radius of the aperture is obtained by inverting eq. (6), resulting in r (7) Equation (7) reveals the dependence of the aperture radius on the beam radius à Ã¢â‚¬ ° and radiometric ratio R measured at a given axial position. The sensitivity coefficients of the radius equation relative to those components are 2(8) (z) The uncertainty of the measured area is composed [15] as ur (9) The area of the radiometric aperture is then trivially obtained from the circle formula, S = à Ã¢â€š ¬r2, with uncertainty given by uS = 2à Ã¢â€š ¬rur. B. Method The first step of the method is the determination of the longitudinal profile of the Gaussian beam. This can be accomplished in practice by using the knife-edge scanning method [16] or using a spatially-resolving photodetector (for example, a CMOS or CCD camera). While the later can be troubling for beams wider than the sensitive area of the camera, the primer requires caution relative to radial asymmetries in the beam profile. The astigmatism of the beam must be verified by knife-edge scanning along orthogonal directions in the transversal plane and the mean radius is considered. The beam longitudinal profile reveals important information about the tolerance of the axial positioning of the aperture relative to the transversal plane where the beam is determined. Next step consists on positioning the aperture in the beam path. Carefully placing the aperture front plane at the axial position where the beam has been characterized avoids the need for a correction on the beam radius value. The aperture under measurement must then be centralized relative to the beam axis. A recursive gradient search can be performed along the plane axes until convergence at the maximum optical power, where à Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 0. The value of the optical power measured with the aperture is compared to the total optical power measured without it. This ratio and the mean beam radius are substituted in eq. (7) and the aperture radius is determined. Research Article Applied Optics 2 A laser diode with continuous-wave emission at 633 nm is collected with an objective lens into a meter-long single-mode optical fiber (Thorlabs SM600 [17]), which acts as a spatial filter by selecting the LP01 transversal mode. The beam is launched into free-space through the tip of an FC-PC connector and collimated using an 1-large AR-coated plano-convex lens (L2) with a focal length of 38.2 mm, as illustrated in Fig. 1. A similar lens (L3) with 150-mm long focal length focuses the beam into the photo-detector. Fig. 1. Experimental setup. LD: laser diode; L: plano-convex lens; C: fiber connector; PD: photo-detector; PC: personal computer. The beam profile is determined using the knife-edge method. A pair of razor blades is scanned in the plane orthogonal to the optical beam in both xˆ  (horizontal) and yˆ  (vertical) directions, using a pair of linear actuators (Newport TRA25PPD and CMA25PP). The optical power is measured by an optical power meter with a diffuser probe (Thorlabs PM100). Data acquisition and transversal positioning of the knives and aperture are performed with a personal computer. Flip mounts allow for selecting either the knives or the aperture, which are placed in the same xˆ  à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ yˆ  translation stage. The translation stages, the lens L3 and the photo-detector are fixed into a platform and move together to the desired position in axial direction zˆ . The aperture under characterization has nominal diameter of 3 mm and is built in anodized aluminium with sharp edges. The offset distance between the planes of the knives and the aperture is set within 0.05 mm using a multi-probe optical reflectometer [18]. An automated routine is used to position the aperture in the transversal plane relative to the optical beam by scanning it along xˆ  and yˆ  directions until it is centralized. The radiometric ratio is obtained by removing and reinserting the aperture using the flip mount while the power is measured using a silicon photodiode (Hamamatsu S1227-1010BQ) in photovoltaic mode. Calibrated trans-impedance amplifier (LabKinetics Vinculum) and digital voltmeter (Agilent 34401A) are used. Conditioning the signals for using a single range of these devices avoids linearity issues. The detector typical linearity is better than 10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢5 [19]. A. Beam width The width of the Gaussian beam is determined at different positions along the axial direction in both horizontal and vertical axes. Figure 2 shows a sample of the transversal beam profile Fig. 2. Sample of the transversal intensity profile of the beam. The slices in the details cross the center and are Gaussian fit. The longitudinal profile of the beam is evaluated by applying the knife-edge analysis at different axial positions. The optical power measured as a function of the knife position in xˆ  direction is modelled as the integral of the Gaussian intensity, resulting in the error function: P (10) Equation (10) indicates that the measured power profile reveals the horizontal beam radius à Ã¢â‚¬ °x (z). The procedure performed along the yˆ  direction returns a similar result as a function of the vertical beam radius à Ã¢â‚¬ °y (z). Figures 3a and 3b show the power measured with the knifeedge method along both xˆ  and yˆ  directions, respectively. A group of 10 scans, with 0.25-mm steps, is taken at a given axial position. Data is interpolated to steps of 0.1 mm using piecewise cubic Hermite interpolating polynomials [20]. Non-linear curve fit (Levemberg-Marquadt method) is globally applied to data with the beam radius parameter shared by all curves in the group. The beam radius values as a function of the axial distance to the collimating lens are shown in Fig. 3c. Observe that the beam profile behaves linearly at the sampled axial positions. Fitting data with eq. (2) reveals the horizontal and vertical waists localized at about 3.3 m and 3.7 m, respectively. The slope of 10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢4 indicates that a positioning error between the knives and the aperture of 0.05 mm has negligible impact on estimated radius. The beam is slightly astigmatic (horizontal radius about 1% greater than the vertical one), so the average radius is computed from both horizontal and vertical radii as /2(11) B. Radiometric ratio The radiometric ratio is determined from five groups of measurement of the total beam power, alternated with four measurements of the power limited by the aperture. Interleaved measurements allows for data interpolation and avoids slow drift effects. Each measurement is composed by a group of 30 data points, corrected by the dark measurement. Three measurement were performed at each axial position. The calibration data of the trans-impedance amplifier and voltmeter are used for correction and considered in the uncertainty budget see next section. The average ratio of 0.3373 allows for performing both measurements (with and without the aperture) in the same scale of the amplifier and voltmeter. Keeping the measurement range of the equipment fixed avoids linearity issues, which must otherwise be corrected and could burden on the uncertainty budged. C. Aperture radius/area and uncertainty budget The aperture radius is computed from the measured values of à Ã¢â‚¬ ° (z) and R (z) using eq. (7). The result obtained at three different axial distances from the collimating lens are presented in Fig. 4a. The uncertainty budget for the radius measurement is presented in Table 1. The uncertainty of the beam width and power ratio are combined with the reproducibility of the measurement. The radius measurement is obtained from the global fit of the knife-edge scan measurements. The impact of the beam divergence is obtained by multiplying this value by the maximum axial offset between the knife-edge and the aperture plane. The beam width uncertainty is dominant over all other components. Improvements over this estimation would greatly benefit the final uncertainty. The repeatability comes from the statistics of the ratio measurements. Stability of the laser source is the major component and could be iproved using a further power stabilization closedloop. The amplifier and voltmeter uncertainties are obtained Fig. 4. Experimental results: (a) aperture radius measurements and (b) its final area. The reference values are certified results. Standard uncertainties represent k=1. Table 1. Uncertainty budget for the measurement of the aperture radius (relative values). Component Type Uncertainty (k=1) Radius measurements B 5.3 ÃÆ'- 10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢4 Beam divergence [mm] B 2.3 ÃÆ'- 10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢5 Trans-impedance amplifier B 6.3 ÃÆ'- 10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢5 Voltmeter B 5.5 ÃÆ'- 10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢5 Photodiode linearity B 6.2 ÃÆ'- 10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢6 Power ratio 0.00017 Reproducibility [mm] A 0.00027 Aperture radius [mm] 0.00062 from their calibration uncertainty and from the linear regression over the measurement range. The photo-diode linearity is taken from literature. The reproducibility is taken from the independent repetitions. Among other factors, it accounts for small room temperature variation (oC), different axial positions, and repositioning of the aperture center relative to the beam axis. The final relative uncertainty obtained for the measurement of area is 0.12%. The validation of the method is assessed by comparing the results to a certified value, as shown in Table 2. The certificates present a relative uncertainty (k=1) of 0.0065 mm2 for the area value and a calibration drift (rectangular distribution) between bi-annual measurements of 0.0410 mm2 is observed, composing a combined uncertainty of 0.415 mm2. Research Article Applied Optics 4 Table 2. Experimental results and validation (k=1). Measured area Certified Relative Normalized [mm2] area [mm2] difference [%] error 7.0056  ± 0.0087 6.998  ± 0.042 0.11 0.18 The relative error between the measured and certificated values is 0.11%, while the normalized error [15] is below unit, indicating the compatibility of the results. The coverage factor of the measurements, calculated for a confidence interval of 95.45%, is k=2. The area of an aperture impacts directly on the determination of some radiometric and photometric quantities. This paper presents a simple and fast contactless method for characterizing an aperture area through the measurement of radiometric ratio of characterized Gaussian beams. The model is presented and the measurement uncertainty budget is discussed. The results are validated and indicate the method as suitable for metrology applications. References       M. White, N. P. Fox, V. E. Ralph, and N. J. Harrison, The characterization of a high-temperature black body as the basis for the NPL spectralirradiance scale, Metrologia 32, 431-434 (1995/96). P. Sperfeld, K.-H. Raatz, B. Nawo, W. Mà ¶ller, and J. Metzdorf, Spectralirradiance scale based on radiometric black-body temperature measurements, Metrologia 32, 435-439 (1995/96). P. Kà ¤rhà ¤, P. Toivanen, F. Manoochehri, and E. Ikonen, Development of a detector-based absolute spectral irradiance scale in the 380-900-nm spectral range, App. Opt. 36, 8909-8918 (1997). H. W. Yoon, C. E. Gibson, and P. Y. Barnes, Realization of the National Institute of Standards and Technology detector-based spectral irradiance scale, App. Opt. 41, 5879-5890 (2002). L. P. Boivin, A. A. Gaertner, and D. S. Gignac, Realization of the New Candela (1979) at NRC, Metrologia 24, 139-152 (1987). T. M. Goodman and P. J. Key, The NPL Radiometric Realization of the Candela, Metrologia 25, 29-40 (1988). E. Ikonen, P. Kà ¤rhà ¤, A. Lassila, F. Manoochehri, H. Fagerlund and L. Liedquist, Radiometric realization of the candela with a trap detector, Metrologia 32, 689-692 (1995/96). J. E. Martin, N. P. Fox, N. J. Harrison, B. Shipp, and M. Anklin, Determination and comparisons of aperture areas using geometric and radiometric techniques, Metrologia 35, 461-464 (1998). J. Fowler and M. Litorja, Geometric area measurements of circular apertures for radiometry at NIST, Metrologia 40, S9-S12 (2003). J. Fischer and M. Stock, A non-contact measurement of radiometric apertures with an optical microtopography sensor, Meas. Sci. Technol. 3, 693698 (1992). V. E. Anderson, N. P. Fox, and D. H. Nettleton, Highly stable, monochromatic and tunable optical radiation source and its application to high accuracy spectrophotometry, App. Opt. 31, 536-545 (1992). A. Lassila, P. Toivanen and E. Ikonen, An optical method for direct determination of the radiometric aperture area at high accuracy, Meas. Sci. Technol. 8, 973977 (1997). E. Ikonen, P. Toivanen and A. Lassila, A new optical method for high-accuracy determination of aperture area, Metrologia 35, 369-372 (1998). B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich, Fundamentals of photonics, 2nd ed., 2007. JCGM 100:2008, Evaluation of measurement data Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, 1st ed., 2010. M. A. C. Araà ºjo, R. Silva, E. Lima, D. P. Pereira, and P. C. de Oliveira, Measurement of Gaussian laser beam radius using the knife-edge technique: improvement on data analysis, App. Opt. 48, 393-396 (2009). Some equipment and components are cited for the sake of clarity and this does not mean endorsement or recommendation. T. Ferreira da Silva, Multi-probe remote differential optical lowcoherence reflectometer, Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 58, 2606-2609 (2016). A. Haapalinna, T. Kà ¼barsepp, P. Kà ¤rhà ¤, and E. Ikonen, Measurement of the absolute linearity of photodetectors with a diode laser, Meas. Sci. Technol. 10, 1075-1078 (1999). https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/pchip.html (accessed in 10/24/2016).