Social Class Affects Child-Rearing Practices - 1147 Words

Annete Laureau’s article, â€Å"Concerted Cultivation and the Accomplishment of Natural Growth† and Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital both touch upon the way that social class affects child-rearing practices, and how these practices essentially impact the educational success and social mobility of an individual. Middle-class families often engage in a process called concerted cultivation, marked by a parenting style that promotes the involvement of children in multiple sports and activities, cultivates certain talents and skills that are culturally useful, and promotes open communication between parents and children. By involving children in organized activities, the children are able to develop socially acceptable skills and talents. By maintaining an open communication line between middle class parents and their children, parents often explain obscure concepts, expand the vocabulary of their children, and promote the questioning of authority. On the other hand, lower-income and poor families often take a less hands-on approach to child rearing. These families do not prioritize organized extracurricular activities as essential for growing up their children, and instead believe in the idea of accomplishment of natural growth. Because many of these families work long hours and struggle to provide their children with even the basic necessities, such as housing, safety, food, and water, the children are left mostly to themselves for entertainment and filling in extraShow MoreRelatedUnequal Childhoods1095 Words   |  5 Pageson the studies in Unequal Childhoods by Dr. Annette Lareau, it is shown that cultural logic of child-rearing and the general success of children’s academic studies are significantly dependent and impacted by economically societal differences and family setting. 　　　　Annette Lareau invites her readers to a new perspective of child-rearing, where people are not just individual human beings, but rather class subjects. Her book, Unequal Childhoods provides the best means to demonstrate her views, via followingRead MoreParents With Young Children Life Cycle Stage1577 Words   |  7 Pagescouple to parenthood is the most romanticized life transition (p. 212). Society has created the illusion that a perfect life comes with marriage and children (p. 212). In social perception, parenthood is a pleasurable moment in a couple’s life (p. 212). A happy couple building a happy nuclear family with children is the fantasized social construction (p. 212). Therefore, some couples enter this stage unprepared to deal with the reality of parenthood. Couples are unprepared to deal with the stress andRead MoreChild-Rearing Practices in Chinese and American Cultures Essays1894 Words   |  8 PagesChild-Rearing Practices in Chi nese and American Cultures The generally accepted way in which children in a society are raised, constitutes its philosophical and social child rearing practice. Child-rearing research has focused on understanding differences in parent’s beliefs and values, characteristics of cultural socialization, and the implications of such variations. â€Å"Chinese parents traditionally stress their authority over their children and expect unquestioning obedience from them† (Chiu 1987)Read MoreSocial Class And Social Classes909 Words   |  4 Pages Social classes play a vital role in dynamic of families. The definition of social class is ambiguous and has no clearly outlined definition. However it is believed to be a combination of different aspects such as one’s life chances or resources, one’s status group, or those who share similar lifestyles and one’s education level make up an individuals social class. Therefore, in an ideal set up there would 4 social cases the upper, middle, wo rking, and poor classes (Judge 2015) and these are theRead MoreThe First Name Of The Child1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe name of the child entrusted to me is Yvelisse Yamile Garcia de Luz. According to an online name database, her first name means, â€Å"life; or the vine of life† and her middle name means â€Å"beautiful.† From doing some online research, I have realized that, â€Å"her first name is a form of the name Ivelisse. The child’s first name is of French origin; however it is still used and pronounced in Spanish speaking countries† (Name Yvelisse, 2014). In addition to that, â€Å"the child’s middle name is a form ofRead MoreEssay on Parenting Styles1429 Words   |  6 Pagesdefined as rearing of a child by giving special care, love, and guidance by a parent. (Merriam-Webster) Parenting usually starts when a couple has a beautiful by-product of their mutual love and respect with each other. When a child comes into someones life, paren ting is usually a necessity when it comes to nurturing a beautiful, and a healthy child. A lot of responsibilities, sacrifices, and hard work are attached to parenting. There are four parenting styles that couples practices. AccordingRead MoreMovie Analysis : Mrs. Doubtfire1629 Words   |  7 PagesMiranda to seek out Daniel to change the custody arrangement. At the end of the movie, it is revealed to the children that the father will continue in his caregiving role without a disguise. Assessment of Movie Family This family is an upper-middle class Caucasian family living in an urban environment. The parent’s divorce has impacts on the children which creates some tension. After the discovery that Mrs. Doubtfire is their father and this contact ceases they are negatively impacted by this lossRead More Parenting Across Cultures Essay996 Words   |  4 PagesParents have their beliefs and practices when rearing their children, they share their customs and beliefs with their families to guide and support their families. Parents hope to share their practices from generation to generation, however when immigrants relocate other to countries they adapt to new ways of living (Two Parents, 2009). Immigrants relocate to provide their families with financial stability and better education. Some immigrants face obstacles when they relocate to North America, suchRead MoreLife Course Development Theory Studies Growth and Adaptation879 Words   |  3 Pagesthe studies involving the models of devel opment specifically focusing on child development and that didn’t relate to a developing organism in adult stages. This theory takes into account factors like cohort effects, the individual’s location (which can effect issues like obtaining an education), and transitions and life events. Life course development theory also holds the idea that individual differences, biological, and social context are what shapes a child’s development. When researching this areaRead MoreChildcare Differences Between American And Chinese Culture Essay1670 Words   |  7 Pagesup in society. Childcare differences show us habits, morals, and the intentions of a child in these cultures, all creating different effects. Similarly, American and Chinese culture teach self-conduct when raising children. In Chinese culture they practice Guan, which is to educate, care, control, support and love. This practice follows Confucianism, which is criticism to encourage to push them to gain social values and is a very strict action. China continues to make every effort to reach for

Diversity Management Has Increased Improve Competitiveness...

Diversity management has increased to improve competitiveness within the business world. Diversity shows employees that they are valued for their differences and are accepted for who they are. In the USA, effective diversity management is a critical factor for companies to be successful. In Asia however there has been less focus given towards diversity and the greatest difference is how they approach diversity based on their culture. In Korea, by example, gender is considered an important diversity characteristic when in most western countries race and ethnicity is more accepted as diverse compared to gender which is more used when considering discrimination. Studies have shown positive effect of diversity management in the US but†¦show more content†¦Females still tend to be committed to their job in certain cultures because of the barriers they face in the process of securing a job, and in that way they are more likely to stay with that same organization than a man would but it was vastly argued. Several studies were conducted and led to the conclusion that Korean men are more committed to their job because of the cultural context. Gender differences in performance are affected by other factors, be example, men perform better than women in a competitive setting but perform equally when in a non-competitive situation. Resources are a huge factor in a male-dominated cultural situation because female are often not allowed any or restricted access to those resources. Most understand the meaning behind the world diversity but what about diversity management? This paper has a definition from (Pitts, 2009) diversity management on ensuring that all organizational functions and processes serve all employee effectively regardless of their gender, age, nationality, race, and physical conditions. Women tend to favor such practices as they are beneficiary of this as a minority group compared to men who fear changes in the power structure. There is no proof of that study-wise but as a hypothesis they predict â€Å" There is a relationship between gender and perception of diversity management in a highly male-dominated context.† (Hye Kyong et al., 2014) Even with that first hypothesis they have aShow MoreRelatedThe Problem of Childcare Essay1732 Words   |  7 Pagesfor employees and has a direct impact on the businesses. There are two reasons why businesses should also be concerned and are as follows: * Firstly, problems with child care can adversely affect the job performance of working parents by increasing absenteeism, tardiness, turnover rates and recruiting and training costs. These in turn, can adversely affect productivity and work quality and ultimately the competitiveness of the businesses thatRead MoreEssay Diverse Workforce1538 Words   |  7 Pages...................................................1 2.1 More creative†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...............................2 2.2 Increasing sales and earnings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..............................2 Part 3: Two problems of workforce diversity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 3.1 Communication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦............................3 3.2 Discrimination†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......4 Part 4: strategies can be implemented to overcome the problems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.............................4 Read MoreEssay on Managing Diversity in the Workplace1207 Words   |  5 PagesJohn F. Kennedy once said If we cannot end now our differences, at least we can help make the world safe for diversity. Diversity in the Workplace: Benefits, Challenges, and the Required Managerial Tools1 Kelli A. Green, Mayra Là ³pez, Allen Wysocki, and Karl Kepner2 Introduction The worlds increasing globalization requires more interaction among people from diverse cultures, beliefs, and backgrounds than ever before. People no longer live and work in an insular marketplace; they are nowRead MoreHow Globalization Effects Hrm Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagesterm Globalization has invaded the mind of every successful businessman and the concept of Global Village is a common issue in the modern business world. What really the globalization is? The answer seems simple if a firm or an organization expands its sales or production beyond the national boundaries, then it is globalization, but it does not cover the real meaning of the term. Globalization actually means more, much more than that; it is realizing that there is a big world out there, geographicallyRead MoreDiversity Is A Strategic Advantage?1365 Words   |  6 PagesWhy do you agree or disagree that diversity is a strategic advantage? Diversity in an important aspect in the work place since the world is changing and organizations are forced to evolve with changing times. Diversity in the workplace entails bringing together different people from various backgrounds, education levels, point of views, and ways of thinking. This kind of diversity promotes innovation and is a major contributor to the cultural identity of successful organizations. Global demographicRead MoreHuman Resource Activities and Strategies1599 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: Nowadays, human resource management strategies became an essential part in an organization. Just like other strategies as marketing strategies or manufacturing strategies, human resource management strategies is functional strategies and they guide the actions to be taken within a specific function. For example, some HR activities like recruitment, selection training and development are guided by an organization’s HRM strategies. In any organization, functional strategies aim to supportRead MoreFord Motor Company1472 Words   |  6 PagesFord Motor Company: A Business Analysis Mary J. Richardson MGT 521 January 30, 2012 Erick Espinosa Developing sound strategic plans to address the changing business climate is crucial to organizations operating in today’s global environment. Throughout its history, Ford Motor Company has developed effective strategic plans to adapt the business to the changing economy while addressing the needs of their customers and employees. By analyzing the company’s strategic planning, along with itsRead MoreThe American Government Supports The Energy Industry Through Large Investments For Research And Development1286 Words   |  6 Pagescountries, although it has been weakened in the past. The public view of safety in America varies, as there are thoughts as to whether the American government is a main target of terrorism. America is one of the most competitive countries worldwide, thus making it difficult to have a small business there. However, overall the American government supports the important sectors of the economy in order to create a better future for its nation. Over the years, the American government has helped the expansionRead MoreThe Top 2015 Best Companies For Multicultural Women1420 Words   |  6 Pagescompanies have thrived not only for their good compensation level, employee’s benefits and perk packages, but also for their business philosophy, ethics, moral standards, and their business vision. Procter Gamble is a company that was named one the top five companies for multicultural women to grow, giving women of color and minorities the opportunity to excel in the corporate world (Working Mother Magazine, 2015). Proctor Gamble, also known as PG, is a public trade company and is also a part of theRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace5680 Words   |  23 PagesSURFACE LEVEL DIVERSITY, DEEP LEVEL DIVERSITY, AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS ABSTRACT Surface level diversity is the mixture of people who differentiate by sex, race or ethnicity, and the observably physically disabled. These differences typically cannot be changed and are easy to measure because they are visual. Deep level diversity are differences such as personality and attitudes that can be communicated through verbal and nonverbal behaviors. Diversity can be affiliated with socio-economic

Alan Freed History of Rock Music free essay sample

At the time Rock Roll was an urban African American term for sex, I think Alan realized that the popular white culture would be turned off by the term RB, which was mainly associated with black artists, so he decided to give it a different name and expose that style of music to the general public. His radio name and nickname was Monody. These were also the names of his non-segregated concerts in which black and white teenagers came to listen to good rock roll regardless of the singers color. Monody Balls were very popular and drew much criticism from white parents.At the first Monody Ball over 25,000 kids, mostly who tie, wowed up in the March of 1925 in Cleveland. I believe that what Freed did was good as far as opening people up to racially diverse music and not really listening to what the media had to say about it, including things like he was promoting jungle music, which negatively referred to African-American music. We will write a custom essay sample on Alan Freed: History of Rock Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After his DC career in Cleveland, Freed transferred to a larger radio station, WINS, in New York City. This was a good move because it gave him the opportunity to expose larger masses Of people to his non-racially censored music.Freed was against hat were called white covers. White covers were black songs that were re-made by a white artist so they could be played on the larger, more popular white radio stations because these radio stations were not supposed to play songs by blacks. Think this further promoted non- segregated music during the asss and helped blacks win civil rights in general due to the fact that Freed was showing that black music wasnt bad or immoral and could be played on mainstream radio stations.Due to his non-racist attitude, he gained many enemies in the music industry and the media, though most of his enemies were big shot record company executives. He refused to play white covers and I believe this was an awesome stand he had because so many young people loo ked up to him and enjoyed listening to his radio programs. Some of his enemies were involved in the accusation that Freed received payola during his career, which believe was just an excuse to try to get him fired so the air-waves would be clean of his non-racist program.Payola was a term that referred to a Dos acceptance of money for he favor of playing their song on the radio. Though Freed refused to sign a paper asserting that he never received any payola, I dont think he was the type of person who would do such a thing regularly anyway, like most Dos of the time did. However, he was charged with twenty-six counts of commercial bribery, which was a good way to get him off of the radio. This accusation basically ruined his career which was a shame because he was one of the first real good Dos.

Maoist Attack and Demand for Telangana State free essay sample

Telangana is a region in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. It has borders with states of Maharashtra on the north and north-west, Karnataka on the west, Chattisgarh on the north-east, Orissa and Coastal Andhra region on the east and Rayalseema region of Andhra Pradesh on the south. This region has an area of 1,14,840 square kilometres and a population of 3,52,86,757 which is 41. 6% of Andhra Pradesh state population. The Telangana region has 10 districts: Adilabad, Hyderabad, Khamam, Karimnagar, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad, Rangareddy and Warangal. The Krishna and Godavari rivers flow through the region from west to east. The Telangana movement refers to a group of related political activities organized to support the creation of a new state of Telangana, from the existing state of Andhra Pradesh in south India. The Telangana Movement The movement to create Telangana has been continuing from 1952 onwards. In February 2009 the in February 2009 the state government declared that it had no objection, in principle, to the formation of separate Telangana and that the time had come to move forward decisively on this issue. We will write a custom essay sample on Maoist Attack and Demand for Telangana State or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To resolve related issues, the government constituted a joint house committee. In the lead-up to the 2009 General Elections in India, all the major parties in Andhra Pradesh supported the formation of Telangana. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) again announced that they would create two more states, Telangana and Gorkhaland, if they won the election. The Congress Party said it was committed to Telangana statehood, but claimed that Muslim minorities were opposed to the creation of separate state, along with the majority of the people. The MIM party and Muslim leaders within Congress felt that the new state would jeopardize the interests of minorities, the safety and welfare of Muslims, and the future of the Urdu language. The Telugu Desam Party promised to work for Telangana statehood. Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) joined a Mahakutami (grand alliance) with the TDP and other parties to defeat the Congress party for denying statehood. The Praja Rajyam Party (PRP), founded in August 2008 by film star Chiranjeevi, pledged support to Telangana statehood if it becomes inevitable. The Nava Telangana Praja Party announced that it would merge with PRP after it concluded that there was not enough political space for two sub-regional Telangana parties that had Telananga statehood as their main agenda, Devender Goud later quit PRP and returned to the Telugu Desam Party. In the 2009 elections, Congress returned to power both at the center and state. It won 154 out of 294 Assembly seats and 33 out of 42 Parliament seats. Within Telangana, Congress won 50 out of 119 Assembly seats and 12 out of 17 Parliament seats. On 29 November 2009 TRS president K. Chandrashekar Rao (KCR) started a fast-unto-death, demanding that the Congress party introduce a Telangana bill in Parliament. He was arrested by the government of Andhra Pradesh. Student organizations, employee unions, and various organizations joined the movement. General strikes shut down Telangana on 6 and 7 December. Student organizations planned a massive rally at the state Assembly on 10 December. The government warned that the rally did not have permission and deployed police troops throughout Telangana. The apparent decline in KCRs health led to a sense of urgency to the issue. The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is a Maoist terrorist organization in India which aims to overthrow the government of India through violent means. It was founded on 21 September 2004, through the merger of the Peoples War, and the Maoist Communist Centre (MCC). The merger was announced to the public on October 14 the same year. In the merger a provisional central committee was constituted, with the erstwhile Peoples War Group leader Muppala Lakshmana Rao alias Ganapathi as General Secretary. The CPI (Maoist) are often referred to as Naxalites in reference to the Naxalbari insurrection conducted by radical Maoists in West Bengal in 1967. They claim to be fighting for the rights of the tribes in the forest belt around central India. That region contains deposits of minerals which are of interest to mining companies like Tata and Essar. There have been numerous human rights violations of the tribal people at the hands of government agencies. Naxals have been charged by the government of running an extortion economy in the guise of popular revolution, extorting vast amounts of money from local branches of mining companies and other businesses. They have been involved in several cases of blowing up schools and railway tracks, and accused of keeping the areas under their control away from modernity and development, so they can impose their will on the uneducated rural populace. In 2006, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh referred to the Naxalites as the single biggest internal security challenge ever faced by our country. The Indian government, led by the United Progressive Alliance, banned the CPI (Maoist) under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) as a terrorist organisation on 22 June 2009. As of June 2010, Indian Government has identified 83 districts in 9 states as Naxal-hit. Currently it has presence in remote regions of Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh as well as presence in Bihar and the tribal-dominated areas in the borderlands of Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, West Bengal and Orissa. The CPI (Maoist) aims to consolidate its power in this area and establish a Compact Revolutionary Zone from which to advance the peoples war in other parts of India. A 2005 Frontline cover story called the Bhamragad Taluka, where the Madia Gond Adivasis live, the heart of the Naxalite-affected region in Maharashtra. The current general secretary of the party is Muppala Lakshmana Rao alias Ganapati. The highest decision making body of the party is its Politburo, comprising 14 (or 13) members, 6 of whom were either killed or arrested between 2007-10. Amongst those arrested, Kobad Ghandy is the senior-most member. Other arrested Politburo members include Pramod Mishra, Ashutosh Tudu and Amitabha Bagchi. Cherukuri Rajkumar alias Azad, the spokesperson for the party, who was gunned down in Andhra Pradesh was another Politburo member. Prashant Bose alias Kishan-da, Mallojula Koteswara Rao alias Kishenji and Katakam Sudarshan alias Anand are the three prominent members of its Politburo. Kishenji and Anand currently head the Eastern Regional Bureau and the Central Regional Bureau of the party respectively. The Central Committee of the party, which takes command from the Politburo and passes on the information to its members, comprises 32 members. The party hierarchy consists of the Regional Bureaus, which look after two or three states, the State Committees, the Zonal Committees, the District Committees and the dalams (armed squads). The military wings of the respective organisations, Peoples Liberation Guerrilla Army (military wing of MCCI) and Peoples Guerrilla Army (military wing of PW), were also merged.

Frantz Fanon essays

Frantz Fanon essays A pyschiatrist, humanist, and revolutionary, Frantz Fanon (1925-1961) was born in Martinique into a lower middle class, mixed race family and receiving a conventional colonial education sees the technologies of control as being the white colonists of the third world. Fanon, at first an assimilationist, thinking colonists and colonized should try to build a future together, quickly Fanon's assimilationist illusions were destroyed by the gaze of metropolitan racism both in France and in the colonized world. He responded to the shattering of his neo-colonial identity, his white mask, with his first book, Black Skin, White Mask, written in 1952 at the age of twenty-seven and originally titled "An Essay for the Disalienation of Blacks." Fanon defined the colonial relationship as one of the non recognition of the colonized's humanity, his subjecthood, by the colonizer in order to justify his exploitation. Fanon's next novel, "The Wretched Of The ` ``Earth" views the colonized world from the perspective of the colonized. Like Foucault's questioning of a disciplinary society Fanon questions the basic assumptions of colonialism. He questions whether violence is a tactic that should be employed to eliminate colonialism. He questions whether native intellectuals who have adopted western methods of thought and urge slow decolonization are in fact part of the same technology of control that the white world employs to exploit the colonized. He questions whether the colonized world should copy the west or develop a whole new set of values and ideas. In all these questionings of basic assumptions of colonialism Fanon exposes the methods of control the white world uses to hold down the colonies. Fanon calls for a radical break with colonial culture, rejecting a hypocritical European humanism for a pure revolutionary consciousness. He exalts violence as a necessary pre-condition for this rupture. Fanon supported the most extreme wing of the FLN, even ...

Futalognkosaurus - Facts and Figures

Futalognkosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Futalognkosaurus (indigenous/Greek for giant chief lizard); pronounced FOO-tah-LONK-oh-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of South America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (80 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 100 feet long and 50-75 tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Quadrupedal posture; thick trunk; extremely long neck and tail About Futalognkosaurus Youd think it would be hard for a 100-foot-long dinosaur to keep a low profile, but the fact is that paleontologists are still digging up new genera. One of the latest examples is the oddly named Futalognkosaurus, 70 percent of whose skeleton has been reassembled from three fossilized specimens discovered in Patagonia (a region of South America). Technically, Futalognkosaurus is classified as a titanosaur (a type of lightly armored sauropod with a widespread distribution during the late Cretaceous period), and with 70 percent of its skeleton accounted for, some experts have hailed it as the most complete giant dinosaur known so far. (Other titanosaurs, such as Argentinosaurus, may have been even bigger, but are represented by less complete fossil remains.) Paleontologists have made significant process identifying the exact place of Futalognkosaurus on the titanosaur family tree. In 2008, researchers from South America proposed a new clade called Lognkosauria, which includes both Futalognkosaurus, the closely related Mendozasaurus, and the possibly even more gigantic Puertasaurus. Tantalizingly, the same fossil site where these titanosaurs were discovered has also yielded the scattered bones of Megaraptor, a meat-eating dinosaur (not a true raptor) that may have preyed on the juveniles of Futalognkosaurus, or scavenged the bones of adults after they perished.

The ways in which work can have an influence on an individual's Essay

The ways in which work can have an influence on an individual's motivation - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that employees are the most important part of an organizational structure since they shape the performance levels of an organization. In order to perform to their level best employees need to be properly motivated towards achieving the goals and vision of an organization. Employees are motivated by different factors at the workplace that may drive them to work more and push for their different motivation aspects at the workplace that is understandable through understanding the psychological factors that influence an employee. Motivation is psychological as it is an aspect of an employee that is not tangible and therefore cannot be quantified and as a result, it is important to come up with proper motivation structures at the workplace that may help the employees. The first psychological aspect of motivation at the workplace is intensity which is the amount of effort that an employee puts to push for their goals. Desire is also an aspect tha t is psychologically motivated since it is the amount of conviction and dedication that an employee has towards a specific goal. In addition, there is arousal that is usually the initial instinct or the trigger that is critical to individual performance and motivation at the workplace. Workplace motivators are important for the employee since they are able to focus on achieving their specific goals and as a result, they do not deviate from the set structures and behaviors that help them to achieve their goals.

Wilson and Lenin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wilson and Lenin - Essay Example After the world war, the world saw two great leaders trying to develop international peace. Wilson and Lenin however were very different in their ideologies. As opposed to Wilson who advocated disarmament in his fourteen points, Lenin did not believe â€Å"Disarmament’ could help in avoiding wars; he considered it as a means of evading reality (Lenin). Lenin proposed that the way to achieve world peace was through a global revolution and interference in the workings of the capitalistic states which would not only put an end to their governments but also their societies and this could not be achieved if the disarmament policy is followed (Mayer). He believed that if a revolution does not prevent a war, the proletariats should use the defeat of their own governments to create revolutionary reforms. Lenin believed only in the existence of a proletariat armed force and not the bourgeois army. Hence the most prominent difference between Wilson and Lenin was one of reform against r evolution. Lenin wanted to bring about reforms through revolution while Wilson wanted a ‘revolution’ through reforms (Schild).

Macroeconomics Assignment Essay Example for Free

Macroeconomics Assignment Essay Current economic conditions in the U. S an all around the world are rising to alarming situations, with the dilemma being common that whether its inflation or recession, which is hampering the economy badly. The liquidity issues are affecting the U. S economy badly, the money supply is shrinking although the Federal Reserve is pursuing an accommodative monetary policy, but due to its lesser control and the dynamism of the U. S economy, this policy seems to have a very low effect on the liquidity situation in the overall economy. After a rise in the money supply for few months the money supply has been contracting since then, the M2 component of the money supply, which consists of cash, consumer deposits and checking has been shrinking. While M3 which consists of the above, plus the large time deposits and other items is also changing its direction towards a lower end. The figure depicts the trends of the money supply and how it has dipped gradually. Figure 1: Annual U. S. Money Supply Growth Source: Shadow Government Statistics, 2009 This condition can result into the weakening of economic activity and pulling out money from stocks. Recently the downfall in the consumer spending and the lowering of the stock prices is the sign of scorched liquidity in the economy (Kellner, 2003). In this current situation of economic dilemma, the current economic conditions demands active measures from the new president and the U. S congress to overcome the hazards created by the weakening economy. Government should try to push more liquidity into the market; the FED should try to increase the money supply through lowering the interest rate, pushing more money into the economy by funding the companies and the corporations that can create more stability in the economy. The government should try to create more jobs into the economy by pushing their spending this will surely create more consumers spending and thus providing a ground to combat recession in the economy. These economic measures are the need of the time and they will certainly have their effects on the economy. Thus, by acting proactively on these strategies the government can easily face all the difficult circumstances. References Kellner, I. (2003, November). Where has all the money gone? Retrieved Feburary 10, 2009, from Market Watch : http://www. marketwatch. com/News/Story/Story. aspx? guid=%7BF1B1B20B-EBDE-435F-8349-A19E26DBB945%7Dsiteid=mktwdist=nwhpm Figures Figure 1: Annual U. S. Money Supply Growth Shadow Government Statistics. (2009). Annual U. S. Money Supply Growth. Retrieved Feburary 10, 2009 from http://www. shadowstats. com/charts_republish#m3

Coincidences :: Essays Papers

Coincidences â€Å"Hurry Taylor, we’re late sweetie.† â€Å"But Mom, I’ve gotta make sure I have everything!† Taylor screams in a whiny voice. The day I’ve been dreading has finally arrived. My oldest daughter is leaving for the summer to work as a camp counselor. She’s working at the same camp that I worked at when I was 16. â€Å"Mom!! I can’t find my adidas, HELP ME.† Yells Taylor, sounding like she’s in a state of emergency. â€Å"Sweetie, they’re already in the van, you packed them this morning.† I replied. â€Å"Dad! Are you coming? We’re leaving in five minutes.† Taylor screams in excitement. Dressed in faded overalls, with her hair pulled up and tied back with a bright yellow ribbon, she looks so grown up -- so mature. I’ve never been more nervous. What am I going to do without my baby all summer? Who’s going to keep my fashion sense in line? Who’s going to watch Felicity with me? Ahh! She can’t leave me! â€Å"Ya know mom, I’m gonna miss being home this summer, I’ll come home during the five week break and I’ll call you as much as I can.† Taylor looks at me with true sincerity. Tears are filling my eyes, I can’t show her my weakness. I quickly change the subject. There’s the sign, â€Å"YMCA CAMP WEWA, 5 MILES.† â€Å"Jamie, look at this place. Nothing has changed. It seems like we were just here yesterday.† Jake mentions as he rolls his window down. Taylor quickly perks up in her seat; her eyes open wide with excitement. She’s been going to this camp since she was eight years old. This will be her first year as a counselor. I can remember my first year. Summer of 1969, the best summer of all. It was the summer I met my husband. I was the counselor of the Washoe cabin, and he kept the boys of the Witchita cabin in line. I can remember those sparkling days like they were yesterday. June 6, 1969†¦ I’m finally here. The cabin is desolate now, but in about an hour it’s going to resemble a can of sardines. Thirteen girls each bringing two or more bags and seven bunk beads all shoved into a small wooden cabin. What a mess it will be. It’s noon, the first set of camper’s drive up to the cabin.

Arguments for and against euthanasia and assisted suicide Essay

Arguments for and against euthanasia and assisted suicide There are arguments both for and against euthanasia and assisted suicide. Some of the main arguments are outlined below. You should be aware that these arguments do not necessarily represent the opinions or policies of NHS Choices or the Department of Health. Arguments for euthanasia and assisted suicide There are two main types of argument used to support the practices of euthanasia and assisted suicide. They are the: ethical argument – that people should have freedom of choice, including the right to control their own body and life (as long as they do not abuse any other person’s rights), and that the state should not create laws that prevent people being able to choose when and how they die pragmatic argument – that euthanasia, particularly passive euthanasia, is already a widespread practice (allegedly), just not one that people are willing to admit to, so it is better to regulate euthanasia properly The pragmatic argument is discussed in more detail below. Pragmatic argument The pragmatic argument states that many of the practices used in end of life care are a type of euthanasia in all but name. For example, there is the practice of making a ‘do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation’ (DNACPR) order, where a person requests not to receive treatment if their heart stops beating or they stop breathing. Critics have argued that DNACPR is a type of passive euthanasia because a person is denied treatment that could potentially save their life. Another controversial practice is known as palliative sedation. This is where a person who is experiencing extreme suffering, for which there is no effective treatment, is put to sleep using sedative medication. For example, palliative sedation is often used to treat burns victims who are expected to die. While palliative sedation is not directly carried out for the purpose of ending lives, many of the sedatives used carry a risk of shortening a person’s lifespan. Therefore, it could be argued that palliative sedation is a type of active euthanasia. The pragmatic argument is that if euthanasia in these forms is being carried out anyway, society might as well legalise it and ensure that it is properly regulated. It should be stressed that the above interpretations of DNACPR and palliative sedation are very controversial and are not accepted by most doctors, nurses and palliative care specialists. Read more about the alternatives to euthanasia for responses to these interpretations. Arguments against euthanasia and assisted suicide There are four main types of argument used by people who are against euthanasia and assisted suicide. They are known as the: religious argument – that these practices can never be justified for religious reasons, for example many people believe that only God has the right to end a human life ‘slippery slope’ argument – this is based on the concern that legalising euthanasia could lead to significant unintended changes in our healthcare system and society at large that we would later come to regret medical ethics argument – that asking doctors, nurses or any other healthcare professional to carry out euthanasia or assist in a suicide would be a violation of fundamental medical ethics alternative argument – that there is no reason for a person to suffer either mentally or physically because effective end of life treatments are available; therefore, euthanasia is not a valid treatment option but represents a failure on the part of the doctor involved in a person’s care These arguments are described in more detail below. Religious argument The most common religious argument is that human beings are the sacred creation of God, so human life is by extension sacred. Only God should choose when a human life ends, so committing an act of euthanasia or assisting in suicide is acting against the will of God and is sinful. This belief, or variations on it, is shared by members of the Christian, Jewish and Islamic faiths. The issue is more complex in Hinduism and Buddhism. Scholars from both faiths have argued that euthanasia and assisted suicides are ethically acceptable acts in some circumstances, but these views do not have universal support among Hindus and Buddhists. ‘Slippery slope’ argument The slippery slope argument is based on the idea that once a healthcare service, and by extension the government, starts killing its own citizens, a line is crossed that should never have been crossed and a dangerous precedent has been set. The concern is that a society that allows voluntary euthanasia will gradually change its attitudes to include non-voluntary and then involuntary euthanasia. Also, legalised voluntary euthanasia could eventually lead to a wide range of unforeseen consequences, such as those described below. Very ill people who need constant care or people with severe disabilities may feel pressured to request euthanasia so that they are not a burden to their family. Legalising euthanasia may discourage research into palliative treatments, and possibly prevent cures for people with terminal illnesses being found. Occasionally, doctors may be mistaken about a person’s diagnosis and outlook, and the person may choose euthanasia due to being wrongly told that they have a terminal condition. Medical ethics argument The medical ethics argument, which is similar to the ‘slippery slope’ argument, states that legalising euthanasia would violate one of the most important medical ethics, which, in the words of the International Code of Medical Ethics, is: ‘A doctor must always bear in mind the obligation of preserving human life from conception’. Asking doctors to abandon their obligation to preserve human life could damage the doctor–patient relationship. Causing death on a regular basis could become a routine administrative task for doctors, leading to a lack of compassion when dealing with elderly, disabled or terminally ill people. In turn, people with complex health needs or severe disabilities could become distrustful of their doctor’s efforts and intentions. They may think that their doctor would rather ‘kill them off’ than take responsibility for a complex and demanding case. Alternative argument The alternative argument is that advances in palliative care and mental health treatment mean there is no reason why any person should ever feel that they are suffering intolerably, whether it is physical or mental suffering or both. According to this argument, if a person is given the right care, in the right environment, there should be no reason why they are unable to have a dignified and painless natural death. // o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t=†Ã¢â‚¬ ,o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "studymoose.com"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

Principles Of human Resources Management Essay

INTRODUCTION The management of organization human resource to make them attain the organizational goals and work effectively towards contributing to the growth of the organization in contemporary times has taken a new dimension from the traditional way of personnel management. Human resource is considered as the most valuable resources in the organization; without which other resources cannot be coordinated and utilized to the optimal sue of the organization. The formation of effective relationship with workers and enabling a working environment where there is informal relationship goes a long way to motivating workers to performance. According to Farrazzi & Gatti (2007), â€Å"†¦developing deep, genuine relationships- both internally among co-workers †¦is one of the most important skills need for performance in workplace† Thus, Human Resource Development (HRD) is a vital process used in contemporary times to make an organization Human resource inapt and adequately equipped to face the challenges of the time. According to Wilson (1999:27), â€Å"An alignment between strategy and training and development is now commonly regarded as a good business sense in all corners of the globe†. This is more adduced to the limited resources and finance to aid an organization in the attainment of its goal. Thus, HR development will go a long way in the organization to attain effectively set goals in the most efficient way. For Colours R Us (CRU) company to effectively get the best in its human resource management , the management of the organization need to put in place conducive working environment; one that would motivate workers to want to remain long in the organization. This is obtainable through formation of deep relationship among workers. Getting the right people at the right place is a function of human resource planning. Motivation of workers plays a significant role in maintaining and making the positioned ‘right people’ stay and build up a long career in an organization. IMPLEMENTING AN EFFECTIVE HRM IN CONTEMPORARY BUSINESS Effective Human Resource Management practices are recognises as to enhance an organisation’s competitive advantage by creating both cost leadership and differentiation. Today’s competitive global environment has made organisation maintaining a competitive advantage puts a premium on having a committed and competent workforce. Low-cost, high- quality products and services are a result of committed employees all working hard to produce the best products and provide the best services that they can at the lowest possible cost. Thus, it is important that the Human Resource Managers are made to get in touch and be included in the organisation’s strategic plan, since they have the wealth of experience in the motivation of the organisational workforce into putting their best in the attainment of the strategic goals of the organisation. Furthermore, the possession of information about human resource planning put the Human Resource Manager in a good position to partake in the strategic planning of the organisation. For example, with the available information on human resource planning, this along side with the organisation strategy would bring about the hiring of the best human resource that would be in a better position to efficiently meet the organisation’s goals. In this view, Sims (2002), has it that, As effective partners in helping organisations successfully achieve their goals, Human Resource Management managers need to have a clear understanding of exactly what are the organisation’s strategies, and then they must ensure that their own efforts are consistent with provide support for those strategies. To the extent that the Human Resource Management function is seen as a strategic partner and/or a centre of expertise, of course, its manager should also be actively involved in the formulation of corporate and business strategies as well as other functional strategies. A closer integration between top management goals and Human Resource Management practices helps to elicit and reward the types of behaviour necessary for achieving an organisation’s strategy. According to Matanmi (2001:7), â€Å"as a concept HRM has relatively recently, developed as a generic (i.e. broad, all-embracing), and yet specialised management field that particularly draws its strengths from such multi-disciplinary sources of knowledge that include (but) not exclusively restricted to) personnel management, organisation behaviour   (OB), industrial and labour relations, economics, law, psychology and sociology†. In the process of HRM, there is an increasing emphasis on the personal needs of the organisation and its members. Thus, how effectively an organisation’s employee contribute successfully to the attainment of the organisational goals depends to a larger extent upon the ability of its HRM staff. Hence, the challenges of the HRM are to create an organisational environment in which each employee can grow and develop to his or her fullest extent (Sims, 2002:4). Furthermore, Rowden (1999) have it that Human Resource Professional need to master global operating skills. They should learn to do business in non-native environments, with individual of different backgrounds and perspectives and with products and services used in different ways. Human Resource Professionals should also be masters of the business environment. They need to understand financial reports, business goals, and consumer and investor important. â€Å"Also they must have the business acumen necessary to understand and support the business function. This will make Human Resource Professionals and indispensable part of a team assigned the task of charting a business’s future†. (Hussey 1995). Thus, it is seen that for the Human Resource source professionals to actively partake in the strategic planning of an organisation they need to be vast with skills that cut across financial planning, critical visioning and thinking, analytical skill and be informed with the ever changing technological development and better utilisation of modern information technology packages. This will make them be equipped to put the organisation a head of its competitors. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF COLOURS R US (CRU) HRM PROBLEMS The workers in Colours R Us (CRU) are not motivated enough to make their stay and build up a career in the organization. The working environment is not conducive; as workers find it difficult to meet their personal needs in the locality where CRU is located. These include restaurants services, baby day care services, security of workers who engages in night shifts. The necessary amenities are not there to aid the worker abide in their work and stay long in the company. Another major issue that is making CRU not to attract the best workers and to retain those it has is the level of remuneration available to the company’s staffers. However, CRU gives an average remuneration, the locality where the company operates from there is higher level of payment. The software companies and communication call centers are well positioned to pay more. This alone, would be an obstacle in motivating the right workers to want to be employed and build up a career with CRU. This is also a cause to make already employed workers in CRU to wanting to move out. Furthermore, the statistical number of workers in the organization shows that women are more than male permanent workers are. Women workers usually leave within short period of assuming their post as workers in the company. There is the problem of getting more workers to operate the company’s diversification operation in the production of ‘Magnificence in Miniature’ RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGING THE COLOURS R US (CRU) HRM PROBLEMS As a Consultant with ‘Right People Right Place’, my recommendations for CRU Company, to solve its HRM problems, include the following: MOTIVATIONAL IMPROVEMENT FOR THE COMPANY’S HR CPU as an organization has not done very well in the motivations of its staffers. Though the company pays its staffers the average pay in the industry, the workers put in much time. Motivation would keep the staffers to contribute meaningfully in the organization and they will be interested and prepare to build up a lasting career with the company. Lindner (1998), argues, â€Å"Motivated employees are needed in our rapidly changing workplaces. Motivated employees help organizations survive. Motivated employees are more productive. Monetary incentive is not only the channel of motivating workers. The sense of belonging and appreciation of workers contribution to the organization goes a long way to motivating workers. To be effective, managers need to understand what motivates employees within the context of the roles they perform. Of all the functions a manager performs, motivating employees is arguably the most complex. This is due, in part, to the fact that what motivates employee changes constantly†. The CPU management should adapt different ways for motivating employees who serve long hours and permanent from short- term workers. Motivating short-term worker, this should be done differently from those workers who are overworked or who put in lengthy work performance in the organization (University of Chicago Newsletter for Supervisor and Managers, 2004). In motivating a short-term worker the management of CPU, need to adopt the following strategic approach: Reinforce the significance of short-term employees’ work by explaining their importance and how they contribute to the organization’s growth. Introduce short-term employees to the people who use their work to demonstrate the effect the quality of their work has on others. Counter assumptions that someone else will do the work if short-term employees do not come through. Discuss the role short-terms workers play in the CPU manufacturing and working process. They should be made to understand that their work is as important as that of other employees. The Management of CPU should demonstrate interest in their long-term plans for HRM for short –term workers. Plans should be devised to identify those areas where skilled short-term workers may have value elsewhere in the organization. The management should help short-term workers to identify other opportunities before their assignment in your department is over. On the other hand, to motivate those workers who have work lengthy period and over work for the organization, the CPU management can motivate this group by adopting a strategy that follows the sequence of: The CPU management should let the lengthy period and over worked employees know that the company value their stay in the organization and appreciate their contribution to the growth of the organization. They should be made to know they stand to be adequately rewarded. The management of CPU should display the quality of a team player by requesting from this category of workers what they require to made them comfortable and keep the work going. The management of CPU should provide a feedback to workers that put in lengthy work hours, stay, and make them fell appreciated for their contribution in the organization. ADOPTING A MUTUAL EXCHANGE MOTIVATIONAL STRATEGY Mutual exchange is another strategy the management of CPU can adopt in motivating their workers. Here, where a worker has accomplish an assigned task he or she should be given something in return based on   earlier promise made by the supervisor; this may come in form of   a day off, or early closure for the   day’s work etc. According the Moore (1991), the negative effect of this appraoch is that it is not the most effective approach for motivating   workers; as the workers and supervisor may not reach a balance on what should be exchanged for the accomplishment of an assigned task.   RECRUITING MORE MALE WORKER The management of CPU should engage in recruiting more males than females. The environment where the company is situated is not conducive for female worker to work adequately. There is absence of day care for nursing mothers and those women with little children; the vicinity is not safe enough for night female worker. Considering these facts, the male worker will do more to cope in the environment than their female counterparts will. STRATEGIC ALLIANCE FORMATION WITH OTHER INTENSIVE CARE AND FACILITY PROVIDING ORGANIZATION The major reason for the workers leaving the CPU Company within short period is adduced to the lack of amenities to contribute to workers convenience in working for the company. The locality where the company is situated lacks these basic amenities. The management of CPU can enter into strategic alliance by inviting and forming strategic partners with small organizations to provide basic services that the workers lack, such as children day-care services, security, inter-alia. REFERENCES Ferrazzi, Keith & Gatti, Lisa (2007), â€Å"The Human Element of Successful Training† June Volume 61, 6c ABI/ INFORM Global P. 68 Hussey, D. (1995), â€Å"Human Resources: Strategic Audit† In International Review of Strategic Management Vol. 6 Pp 157-195. Lindner, James R. (1998), â€Å"Understanding Employee Motivation† in Journal of Extension. June 1998 Volume 36 Number 3 Matanmi, Segun (2001) Strategic Management of the Human Resources in Nigeria for the next Millennium: some notes   (unpublished article) Lagos State University. Moore, Dianne-Jo (1991), â€Å"7 Motivational Strategies – Manager’s Motivation Of Workers† Modern Machine Shop http://findarticles.com/p/search?tb=art&qt=%22Dianne-Jo+Moore%22 (2/11/06) Rowden, R.W (1999), â€Å"Potential Roles of the Human Resource Management Professional in the Strategic Planning Process† in SAM Advanced Management Journal. Vol. 64, Issue 3. Pp 22 Sims, Ronald R. (2002), Organisational Success Through Effective Human Resources Management West Port, CT: Quorum Books. Pp. 1-5, 8, 9, 20, 23. University of Chicago Newsletter for Supervisor and Managers’ (2004), â€Å"Strategies and Tactics Methods to Manage Your Work, Your Staff, and Your Results† Volume VI Issue 9 September http://hr.uchicago.edu/newsletter/itk–20040901/toc.html (1/11/06). Wilson, John P. (1999), Human Resource Development: Learning and Training for Individuals and Organizations London: Kagan Page   

Free Essays on The Purpose Of State In Plato’s, Aristotle’s And Aquinas Writing

In Plato’s, Aristotle’s, and ST. Thomas Aquinas’ writings of politics or philosophy, the importance of state or government is all mentioned in detail. All three great philosophers have different angles about what is the purpose of a state and why it exists. When all three of these great figures all agree state exist for people’s common good, they have different angle of the nature and purpose of the state. Plato believes in a perfect government type for state and stresses the importance of state unity. Different from Plato, Aristotle thinks state is the highest stage of human community and doesn’t think unity is that important as Plato says. Aquinas in some way remain and add Aristotle’s thoughts into Christianity. Besides, he extend people’s right in the state and introduce the concept state is subject to the church. Plato and Aristotle have different understanding of why the state exists, so they interpret what is the purpose of the state too. In order to understand their different conclusions of political state, we need to be aware of their difference in world’s view and philosophy. Plato believes in absolute truth in terms of morality and politics. Besides, Plato is only able to identify the difference between individuals in terms of three classes, which are producers, civilians and guardians. Plato favors the ideal of the absolute truth with very little concern whether such truth is practical or not. More than that, the truth to Plato seems to be unchangeable whether in ideas or philosophy. Plato believes the absolute truth can be applied to every aspect in the society including political organization. Plato, whose political view can be found in his writing, Republic, focus on searching a perfect society. Plato thinks the state is a piece of self-regulating piece of machinery. Although Plato does believe a state should bring happiness to majority, he does not recognize that happiness means different to ev... Free Essays on The Purpose Of State In Plato’s, Aristotle’s And Aquinas Writing Free Essays on The Purpose Of State In Plato’s, Aristotle’s And Aquinas Writing In Plato’s, Aristotle’s, and ST. Thomas Aquinas’ writings of politics or philosophy, the importance of state or government is all mentioned in detail. All three great philosophers have different angles about what is the purpose of a state and why it exists. When all three of these great figures all agree state exist for people’s common good, they have different angle of the nature and purpose of the state. Plato believes in a perfect government type for state and stresses the importance of state unity. Different from Plato, Aristotle thinks state is the highest stage of human community and doesn’t think unity is that important as Plato says. Aquinas in some way remain and add Aristotle’s thoughts into Christianity. Besides, he extend people’s right in the state and introduce the concept state is subject to the church. Plato and Aristotle have different understanding of why the state exists, so they interpret what is the purpose of the state too. In order to understand their different conclusions of political state, we need to be aware of their difference in world’s view and philosophy. Plato believes in absolute truth in terms of morality and politics. Besides, Plato is only able to identify the difference between individuals in terms of three classes, which are producers, civilians and guardians. Plato favors the ideal of the absolute truth with very little concern whether such truth is practical or not. More than that, the truth to Plato seems to be unchangeable whether in ideas or philosophy. Plato believes the absolute truth can be applied to every aspect in the society including political organization. Plato, whose political view can be found in his writing, Republic, focus on searching a perfect society. Plato thinks the state is a piece of self-regulating piece of machinery. Although Plato does believe a state should bring happiness to majority, he does not recognize that happiness means different to ev...

Leaf Scorch Tree Disease - Prevention and Control

Leaf Scorch Tree Disease - Prevention and Control Leaf scorch is a noninfectious condition caused by an unfavorable environment - there is no virus, no fungus, no bacterium to blame. It can not be helped by chemical control so you will have to discover the underlying causal factor which can be drying winds, drought, root damage and other environmental problems. Still, infectious diseases can attack the tree and make the condition even worse. Major target trees are Japanese maple (plus several other maple species), dogwood, beech, horse chestnut, ash, oak and linden. Symptoms Early leaf scorch symptoms commonly appear as yellowing between veins or along leaf margins. The problem is not often recognized during this early stage and can be confused with anthracnose. The yellowing becomes increasingly severe and tissue dies at leaf margins and between veins. This is the stage at which injury becomes easily noticeable. Dead tissue can often appear without any previous yellowing and restricted entirely to marginal areas and tips. Cause Scorch usually is a warning that some condition has occurred or is occurring that is adversely influencing the tree. It could be that the tree is not adapting to the local climate or has been given unsuitable exposure. Many of the conditions are the result of water not making it into the leaves. These conditions could be hot, drying winds, temperatures above 90 degrees, windy and hot weather following a long wet and cloudy period, drought conditions, low humidity or drying winter winds when soil water is frozen. Control When leaf scorch is noticed, leaf tissue has usually dried past the point of recovery and the leaf will drop. This will not kill the tree. Several steps can be taken to prevent more severe damage. Deep watering will help with moisture uptake. You need to make sure lack of water is the problem as too much water can also become a problem. Spring application of a complete fertilizer may help but do not fertilize after June. If the root system of a tree has been injured, prune the top to balance the reduced root system. Conserve soil moisture by mulching trees and shrubs with rotted leaves, bark, or other material.

The International Strategies of Petrobas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The International Strategies of Petrobas - Essay Example The company that is the subject of this research is Petrobras, a Brazilian National Oil Company incorporated in 1953 with its headquarters located in Rio Brazil. Petrobras is the largest oil company by market capitalization in the entire South America region and is the largest in Latin America by revenue. The company’s production capacity stands at over 2 million barrels of oil per day. Apart from being among the leading oil producers in the South American region, it is also a major distributor of oil and gas products (Goldstein 2010, p.102). Petrobras shares are listed on both the New York and Brazil Stock Exchange. For instance, the company issued shares worth $4.3 billion through an IPO on 9 August 2000 in both stock exchanges. During the IPO issue, it is reported that over 400,000 Brazilians, institutions, and foreigners bought the shares. However, the Brazilian government owns about 33.2% of the company’s shares, with a voting stake of about 55.7%. Goldstein notes that Petrobras gas and oil production has experienced immense growth in the last few decades both locally and internationally. The growth of the company has been attributed to the efforts made by the company to face the challenges of heavy oil and gas production, deep-water environment and high-temperature reservoirs. Goldstein reveals that the company’s success in the region emanated from the fact that it has introduced the use of the latest technology in its exploration and production of oil and gas giving it the competitive advantage over other oil companies from the region and other parts of the world. For instance, the company has expertise in engineering and geosciences, in deepwater exploration. In its endeavor to serve the people of Brazil and the international market, the company has been able to set a number of records such as the world’s deepest exploration well of about 2,853 m it dug in Roncador field. This record has stood so for a very long time now.

Perspectives on Policing SC2037C Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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Marketing 100 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing 100 - Research Paper Example Sanitarium claims that its Weet-Bix wheat biscuits are an ideal breakfast food because it fulfills calorie needs and energy requirements. Indeed, the major ingredients include fibre, fat and sugar (low), vitamins, milk, zinc, magnesium, folate and iron (Product Review, 2010). The Sanitarium Company offers its products at all retail stores, grocery shops and online stores for convenience of buyers across Australia and New Zealand. The company uses competitive pricing strategy because of highly competitive nature of food and confectionary industry. The prices range from $1 – 10 because of differences in flavours, sizing and quantity. In simple words, the prices will remain competitive because there is greater threat of substitute products from existing companies such as Kelloggs, Uncle Toys, House brands, Nestle and other small scale producers and marketers. It is worthwhile to mention that Kelloggs has been marketing Nutri-grain, Cheerios, Coco Pops and Nesquik in Australian market. In conclusion, there is stiff competition that keeps prices affordable for consumers from different social classes (Demo Design Report, 2006). The Sanitarium Company has already expanded its operations all across Australia because of an efficient distribution and supply chain network. The company supplies its product to all retail and commercial stores, grocery houses, medicine shops and online stores. In this way, Sanitarium has increased market reach of Weet-Bix product and has attracted maximum customers towards its brand. In addition, the company focuses on efficient supply because the Utility of Place and Time play a vital role in success of any food product. Sanitarium has inducted a new eCargo system to ensure flexibility in distribution channels, to reduce human error and to facilitate record keeping, freight and inventory management (Ecargo Report, 2010). The company

Intervention to Reduce Progression of Diabetes

Intervention to Reduce Progression of Diabetes Developing an Intervention to Reduce Progression and the Development of Complications from Diabetes Mellitus in Adults in Glasgow. Introduction Type 2 diabetes is a serious medical condition that is increasingly prevalent in developed countries (International Diabetes Federation, 2013) and the most common variants of the condition are Types I and II. Type I patients have a deficiency in their pancreatic beta cells which leaves them unable to produce insulin. Thus in these individuals, some control over the condition can be achieved using insulin therapy (Schilling, 2007). Type II diabetics, have cells that have become resistant to the effects of insulin resulting in a delayed reduction in blood glucose (Skrha et al., 2010). There are additional types of diabetes; gestational, and a variety of Type III diabetes, however, the overwhelming majority of cases are of Type II with a significant minority of type I cases (Hardt et al., 2008). Complications of Diabetes Regardless of the underlying aetiology, the long-term complications of diabetes are similar. Excess blood glucose is thought to drive increases in oxidative stress both directly and via the derangement of mitochondrial energy pathways (Cade, 2008). Long term macrovascular damage will inevitably increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), and ischaemic heart disease, with diabetics estimated as having a 3 and 5-fold increased risk of CHD mortality for men and women respectively (Loveman et al., 2008). Cerebrovascular disease is also a consequence of the chronic macrovascular damage with similar increases in stroke risk (Naci et al., 2015) Since each organ has its own microvascular supply, chronic hyperglycaemia also results in diffuse and widespread damage to a variety of body organs. As a result, diabetic complications include visual disability due to diabetic retinopathy; the leading cause of blindness in working age adults in the UK (Fowler, 2008; Kempen et al., 2004). In addition, patients suffer end stage renal disease from diabetic nephropathy (Adler et al., 2003), diffuse impairments of autonomic and somatic neural function, including pain perception, due to diabetic neuropathy (Stirban, 2014; Voulgari et al., 2013). Furthermore, the combination of microvascular damage, and reduced pain sensation, usually in the lower limb, results in many patients developing ulceration and necrosis of the inferior surface of the foot, the most common cause of non-traumatic amputations in the UK (Elraiyah et al., 2016). Costs of Diabetes In addition to the significant cost to the individual suffering with diabetes in terms of reduced personal health and quality of life, there are significant financial costs in treating the condition. In 2010-11, the total cost of diabetes to the UK was estimated at  £23.7bn (Hex et al., 2012). This was comprised of  £9.8bn in direct costs related to treating the disease, and  £13.9bn in indirect cost (e.g. lost productivity through absenteeism, early retirement or unemployment, (Hex et al., 2012)). More recently, the direct costs were estimated at  £13.7bn in 2012 (Kanavos et al., 2012). Within these direct costs, only around a quarter is directly spent on treating diabetes its self, and the remaining three quarters is spent on treating the complications following from the disease, (e.g. CHD, retinopathy, liver failure, diabetic foot, neuropathy (Kanavos et al., 2012)). Risk Factors for Diabetes There are a variety of factors that have been identified that places individuals at risk of developing type II diabetes, these include; having a family history of diabetes, obesity assessed using body-mass index, hypertension, visceral adiposity, adverse blood lipids, smoking, and impaired fasting glucose control (Lyssenko et al., 2008). Notably, several of these risk factors, including blood lipids, BMI, hypertension and visceral adiposity, are shared risk factors for CHD, which may in part explain the elevated risk of CHD in diabetics (Haffner et al., 1998). Indeed the clustering of these risk factors has been shown to be predictive of both CHD and diabetes (Haffner et al., 1998) and are collectively referred to as the metabolic syndrome. Moreover, these risk factors, appear to primarily be related to obesity in general, and excessive visceral adiposity in particular (Wozniak et al., 2009). Early work by West and colleagues (1978) demonstrated a strong positive association between rates of obesity and rates of diabetes with a variety of populations. Since then, the epidemiological link between excess body fat and risk of developing type II diabetes in particular has been repeatedly supported. For example, in the Nurses Health Study (Chan et al., 1994) females who had a BMI of greater than 35 kg.m-2 had a risk of diabetes 95 fold higher than those with a BMI of less than 21 kg.m-2 . Epidemiology of Diabetes The incidence and prevalence of diabetes have increased dramatically in the last two decades. Currently, the World Health Organisation estimates that diabetes effects around 9% of the adult global population (International Diabetes Federation, 2013) with variations in prevalence ranging from 26.4% in Kiribati to 1.54% of the population in Manin (International Diabetes Federation, 2013). Overall the UK ranks relatively favourably; in the same data from 2014, the UK had a prevalence of 3.9% (172nd out of 193 countries). Despite this relatively low ranking, the UK, in line with many developed countries, has experienced a rapid growth in the proportion of the population suffering with diabetes. Between 2007 and 2015 the number of patients diagnosed with diabetes increased by 75% from two to three and a half million cases (Diabetes UK, 2015). There are also an estimated half a million undiagnosed individuals at any one time. Indeed, the absence of overt symptoms in the early stages of the disease means that it is not uncommon for patients to have had the disease for several years prior to diagnosis, and confounds attempts to accurately calculate prevalence rates. Scotland has experienced similar increases, with the number of individuals diagnosed with diabetes increasing markedly over the last decade. The Scottish Diabetes survey (2014) demonstrated that the number of individuals with diabetes doubled from approximately 100,000 to 200,000 individuals between 2002 and 2007 despite a stable population of 5 million. Currently estimates for Scotland indicate that there are 276,500 diabetics in Scotland resulting in an overall prevalence that is a third higher than the UK average at 5.2% (NHS Scotland, 2014). Diabetes and Deprivation While the reasons that link indices of deprivation to diabetes are likely multifactorial, they undoubtedly exist. Individuals living in the most deprived areas of the UK are 2.5 times more likely to suffer from diabetes than those in the least deprived areas (Diabetes UK, 2006). Moreover the complications arising from diabetes such as CHD and stroke are more than three times higher in the lowest socio-economic groups and those with lowest educational achievement are twice as likely to have heart disease, retinopathy and poor diabetic control (Diabetes UK, 2006; International Diabetes Federation, 2006). The cause of the increased risk is not clear, however many of the risk factors such as obesity, smoking and physical inactivity, are also higher in those areas with the greatest degree of deprivation (Diabetes UK, 2006; International Diabetes Federation, 2006). From the data outlined above, the development of diabetes is a serious chronic medical condition that can result in early morbidity and mortality and is associated with significant personal and healthcare costs. Despite many of the risk factors for its development being modifiable, it remains a significant and increasing health risk that has a disproportional focus on the areas of greatest deprivation. Given that there is strong evidence that Glasgow has higher rates of both deprivation and type 2 diabetes than the rest of the UK, the aims of this paper are to discuss methods of describing the degree of the problem in Glasgow, as well as identifying, implementing and evaluating initiatives designed to reduce the burden of Type 2 diabetes within that area. Epidemiological Investigation of Diabetes in Glasgow The Centre for Disease Control defines public health research as consisting of four phases, public health tracking, public health research, health intervention programmes, and impact and evaluation (CDC, 2015). Thus before designing and implementing a diabetes focused health initiative, it is necessary to first establish that there is a public health need within Glasgow. This can be undertaken using primary or secondary data sources. Although secondary data sources are repositories of data that have been collected for some purpose other than the investigators main research question, Bailey et al. (2012) suggest that secondary sources also have several advantages. Typically, they are large data sets, and their use is highly cost efficient, as the data collection has already taken place. In terms of this investigation into Diabetes prevalence in Glasgow, there are a number of possible secondary data sources. The most directly relevant data is from the Scottish Diabetes Survey, the most recent data for which covers 2014 (NHS Scotland, 2014). In the most recent report, there is evidence that diabetes is a specific public health concern in Glasgow. For example, while it is not surprising is that Glasgow has the highest number of diabetics, around 22% of Scotlands diabetic population, since it is also the most densely populated region. However, this also translates to the region having the highest age adjusted prevalen ce of diabetes within Scotland at 5.8%. Furthermore the Greater Glasgow and Clyde (GGC) NHS board is criticised as falling behind other NHS health boards within Scotland, in its system of managing and screening its diabetic population in order to limit the progression of the disease. In addition, the Scottish Public Health Observatory (SPHO) provide a number of secondary data sources which may be valuable in triangulating conclusions and include; mortality rates, primary care information from GP practices, the Quality Outcomes Framework (QOF) detailing the performance of GP practices in dealing with key health issues, the Scottish Diet and Nutrition Survey, and the Health Education population survey (Scottish Public Health Observatory, 2015). In addition, both English and Scottish governments produce databases of indices of multiple deprivation (IMD), which can be useful when attempting to standardise the degree of a public health issue by deprivation level. This secondary data should be supported with primary evidence of the population of interest. While there are a number of research designs that could be used to collect primary data on Glasgow residents with diabetes, in this instance a cross-sectional observational design would be most useful. This method has several advantages, it is cost effective, requires only a single group, and each participant is only required to be assessed at a single time-point. This means that it becomes feasible to assess relatively large numbers of people (Bailey Handu, 2012). The limitations of this method are that it represents a single point in time and as a result, cannot be used to determine the sequence of events for a given set of exposures and outcomes. Therefore, it is not possible to infer causality from cross-sectional data. This type of research is most useful for determining prevalence rates for a specific condition (Bailey Handu, 2012).. An ecological study design might also be used, however, in this case, there are wide variations in income levels and deprivation levels within specific postcodes. Thus the possibility for the data to be affected by unknown confounding variables is significant. Similarly a case control study design has some additional control regarding possible confounders, but is again limited in being retrospective in nature and is predominantly used for rare diseases, which type 2 diabetes is not (Greenfield, 2002). Experimental designs such as prospective cohort studies or randomised control trials are the most internally valid designs to attribute causation of a condition to a specific exposure. However, they would not be appropriate in this instance, as they time consuming, expensive, and typically include far fewer individuals. Thus in order to use this type of study, the cost would be greater than the cost of any proposed intervention. In addition, while such designs are internally valid, they often lack ecological validity. That is, while the exposure and outcome can be linked in the study, at the population level, individuals may experience exposure to several predicating factors, and several protective factors. Thus, it is not always straightforward to transfer the findings from a highly controlled study to individuals (Peat et al., 2008). In order to undertake the cross-sectional survey, would require defining a series of areas (e.g. roads or school catchment areas) within specific post-codes to act as the sample frame. The survey data would be collected on these areas. The main problem with collecting this kind of data is a low response rate (Levin, 2006), and the possibility that individuals may responder or not due to the influence of some other factor introducing some systematic bias into the data. The main protection from this is to maximise the response rates. This is best done using face-to-face interviews with individuals in the sample frame (Levin, 2006). Diabetes Interventions The evidence for the type of behaviours that are useful in limiting the adverse complications of diabetes, have been the subject of several large scale epidemiological studies. In the UK the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UK Prospective Diabetes Study, 1998) and its 10 year follow up (Holman et al., 2008) evaluated the effect of managing type II diabetes through diet alone, versus aggressive management aimed at restricting blood sugar concentrations. The data from the study indicated that while both the aggressive intervention only lowered blood sugar for one year, this translated into significantly lower rates of complications at the 10-year follow up. In the US, the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT, 1993) and its 10 year follow up (the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications EDIC (Nathan et al., 2005)) also demonstrated that limiting increases in blood sugar, by maintaining concentrations within strict individualised limits, reduced the incidence of c omplications at the 10 year follow up by 57%. Similar reductions in adverse outcomes have also been found when diabetics have measures of blood lipids, blood pressure, nephropathy, retinopathy and diabetic foot complications assessed at regular intervals. It is also noteworthy that the Greater Glasgow and Clyde NHS region regularly performed in the lowest quartile of Scottish NHS authorities for implementing each of these evaluations (Scottish Diabetes Survey 2014). In long-term conditions such as Type 2 diabetes, the most appropriate strategies to control and manage the condition is for patients, to recognise themselves as stakeholders in their own treatment and to take ownership of the critical aspects of their care such as pharmacological treatment, dietary modifications and physical activity recommendations (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2015). There have been several interventions that have aimed to use patient education to allow for a greater degree of self-management with a resulting closer control of risk factors for diabetic complications. Most recently Minet et al. (2010) evaluated the efficacy of 47 RCT studies aimed at improving diabetic patient education, and found that there was a significant reduction in the degree of hyperglycaemia experienced by the patients at the 6 and 12 month follow up time points. Similar meta analyses have supported the role of education in reducing the incidence of nephropathy and dia betic foot (Elraiyah et al., 2016; Loveman et al., 2008). Given that the UKPDS (1998) demonstrated that even short term reductions in blood glucose can reduce the numbers of patients who progress to sever complications, and given that the majority of the financial burden in treating type 2 diabetes is related to complications rather than the disease its-self. It seems clear that patient education could significantly improve the prognosis of diabetics as well as reduce the costs of future treatment. Implementing an Intervention in Glasgow Having identified a suitable educational intervention, the next stage is to ensure its faithful and appropriate replication within patients with Diabetes in Glasgow. A limitation of much of the available research is that interventions are predominantly applied in academic settings, and the effectiveness of interventions in community and primary care settings are frequently lower than anticipated from the scientific literature. This is a continuing challenge for implementing evidence-based strategies for public health issues. Kilbourne et al. (2007) recommend the REP framework, which although originally devised for faithful implementations of HIV educational programmes has been evaluated and found to help improve the effectiveness of other public health interventions. In order to use the REP framework for educational programmes aimed at Diabetics in Glasgow, the four stages of the REP framework would be developed. Pre-condition requires the identification of a suitable educational intervention. In this phase it is important that the chosen intervention is both feasible and appropriate for the setting in which it will be used. Pre-implementation requires that all staff involved in the intervention undergo training not only in the interventional educational curriculum, but also in the underpinning theories that shaped the original intervention. Implementation requires the educational programme is rolled out to diabetics within Glasgow, and that feedback is sought from stakeholders including patients undergoing the education. In this way it is possible to modify the intervention to better fit the situation, while still remaining faithful to the initial conceptual design. Finally, maintenance and evaluation requires further feedback regarding the effe ctiveness of the intervention, as well as ongoing support for partners who are delivering or helping ensure the continuation of the intervention. Monitoring an Evaluation For the proposed educational intervention, the evaluation would use the RE-AIM framework. This is the most widely adopted model for evaluation of public health interventions originally proposed by Glasgow and Colleagues (1999). This framework proposes the evaluation of five key elements of the intervention. Reach assess the number of individuals from the target population who received the interventions. Efficacy evaluates the degree to which the education intervention improved patients ability to manage their condition (e.g. better control of blood glucose, maintained or lowered blood pressure). Adoption would focus on the number of patients receiving the educational intervention whose behaviour was altered as a result. Implementation attempts to assess the degree to which the intervention was faithful to the evidence base upon which it was designed or was there pragmatic or other issues that meant the interventions was poorly delivered, or delivered in a manner not originally envisa ged. Maintenance attempts to quantify the degree to which the intervention becomes self-sustaining. This can be at an institutional level, i.e. does the health authority feel the programme is sufficiently successful to continue its development. However, it can also be at the individual level, were patients value the intervention and it becomes part of the persons habitual processes. Conclusion The aim of this paper was to investigate an intervention aimed at reducing the complications of type 2 diabetes in individuals diagnosed with the condition, living in Glasgow. It has established that in order to implement any such strategy, it is necessary to evaluate the degree of the problem using secondary and if required primary sources of data. In addition, any intervention should be evidence based, and attempt to replicate those interventions that have been demonstrated to be successful. This should be attempted in a strategic and structured manner in order to ensure high fidelity conversion from research evidence to intervention. The intervention its-self needs robust evaluation to determine if it was effective, and if not was it because of a failure of the underpinning theories or a failure in delivery. Unless they are well managed, individuals with Type 2 diabetes are at a significant risk of serious and life threatening complications. Educational interventions may be one wa y to provide effective strategies to enable better outcomes and reduced personal and financial costs. References ADLER, A.I., et al., 2003. 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